Review Questions for Exam 1
Lecture Questions:
What is a tissue, organ, system? What are the 2 major types of cells & how do they differ? What are the 2 main components of cell membranes? What are the functions of cell membranes? What is the phospholipid bilayer & why are phospholipids arranged in this manner? What do the terms hydrophilic & hydrophobic mean? What are microtubules & what are their functions? Where is the nucleolus located & what is its function? What is rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum? What are the functions of endoplasmic reticulum? What are the functions of the Golgi complex, lysosomes? Where are lysosomes produced? What are mitochondrial cristae & what is their significance? What is the function of mitochondria? Which organelle contains its own genetic material and was likely, in the distant past, a free-living bacteria that colonized more complex cells? What is the function of ribosomes, centrioles? What are cilia, flagella, villi? What is transcription, translation? What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis? What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis? What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis? What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis? Why are proteins sometimes called polypeptides? What is a polyribosome & what is its significance? What is the most abundant substance in a typical cell? What is intracellular water, extracellular water? What is an ion? What is the relative abundance of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins in a typical cell? What is a monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide? What is a lipid? What is the basic structure of a triglyceride? What is a phospholipid, steroid? What is the basic subunit of proteins? What are the 2 major categories of proteins? How many different kinds of amino acids are there? What is the difference between passive and active processes? What is simple diffusion & what factors influence the rate of simple diffusion? What is osmosis? What is facilitated diffusion? What is a carrier? What is active transport? Which of these processes require energy? Which require carriers? Which can exhibit saturation? Are carriers specific? Which of these processes can move substances from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration? What is exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis? Do exocytosis & endocytosis require energy? What is ATP, ADP? How much energy is released when ATP is converted to ADP? What is oxidative phosphorylation & where does it occur? What processes or reactions provide hydrogens (NADH and FADH2) for oxidative phosphorylation? What is the electron transport chain and where is it located? What occurs as a result of the electron transfer reactions? What causes protons to move through the inner mitochondrial membrane and what is the result of that movement? What is ATP synthase? What is glycogenesis, glycogenolysis?What happens to glucose during glycolysis? What is glucose-6-phosphate? What is activation energy? What are the end-products of glycolysis? How many ATP are produced via glycolysis? How many of those ATP are produced directly, indirectly (indirectly refers to those produced from hydrogens that go through oxidative phosphorylation)? How many hydrogens result from the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA? How many ATP are produced when those hydrogens go through oxidative phosphorylation? What are the end-products of the Kreb's cycle? How many ATP are produced via the Kreb's cycle (total, directly, & indirectly)? How many ATP are produced from the breakdown of glucose (total, directly, & indirectly)? How are fats metabolized to produce ATP? What is beta oxidation? How are proteins metabolized to produce ATP? What is deamination? Which of the following would produce the most energy per unit weight: lipid, carbohydrate, or protein?
Text (Human Physiology by S.I. Fox,10th edition):
Why is cholesterol an important molecule in the body (p.39)? What are
prostaglandins & what types of regulatory functions have they been
implicated in (p.39-40)? What is amoeboid movement (p.55)? Where are cilia
located in the human body & what function do they serve in these locations
(p.57)? What are the only cells in the human body that have flagella
(p.57)? What is the cytoskeleton (p.58)? Why are lysosomes called suicide
bags (p.60)? What is apoptosis & what is an example of this (p.60)?
What are genes & what does each gene code for (p.64)? What is chromatin
(p.64)? When is dialysis needed & how does it work (p.134)? What is
edema & what can cause it (p.137)? What is an isotonic solution &
why must intravenous fluids be isotonic (p.139-140)?
Chapter 11 (Endocrine Glands)
What are endocrine glands, hormones (p.306)? What are the four general chemical categories of hormones & what are some examples of each (p.307)? What is a synergistic effect & what is a good example of this type of effect (p.307)? What is a permissive effect & what is an example of this type of effect (p.310)? What is an antagonistic effect (p.310)? Know that the action of insulin (promoting the formation of fat) & glucagon (promoting the breakdown of fat) is a good example of an antagonistic effect (p.310). What are target cells & why are these cells able to respond to particular hormones (p.312)?
Where is the pituitary (hypophysis) located (p.320)? What are the 2 lobes of the pituitary (p.320)? Know that the anterior pituitary is part of the adenohypophysis & that the posterior pituitary is part of the neurohypophysis (p.320). Why are the anterior pituitary hormones called trophic hormones (p.320)? What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary (pars distalis), what is the "target tissue" of each, & what are the principal actions of each (p.320-321; Table 11.6)? What two hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary & what is the function of each (p.321-322)? Why might oxytocin be given to a pregnant woman (p.322)? Why might oxytocin be administered after delivery (p.322)? Where are the posterior pituitary hormones actually produced (p.322)? Why isn't the anterior pituitary really the master gland (p.322)?
Where are the adrenals located (p.326)? What are the 2 parts of each adrenal (p.326)? What are the 3 functional categories of corticosteroids secreted by the adrenal cortex & what is the function of each (p.326-327)? What hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla & what effects are caused by each (p.328)? Why are glucocorticoids often administered to treat various inflammatory diseases & to suppress the immune rejection of a transplanted organ (p.328)? Where is the thyroid gland located (p.329)? Know that the hormones produced by the thyroid are thyroxine & triiodothyronine (p330). What are the general functions of the thyroid hormones (p.330)? Know that iodine is needed by the thyroid to produce the thyroid hormones & that insufficient iodine in the diet may stimulate abnormal growth of the thyroid (goiter) (p.330). Where are the parathyroid glands located (p.332)? What hormone is secreted by the parathyroids & what is the function of this hormone (p.332)? What are the islets of Langerhans (p.334)? What are the 2 types of cells in the islets & what hormone does each type secrete (p.334)? What stimulates the secretion of each of these hormones & what is the function of each hormone (p.334-335)? What is diabetes mellitus characterized by (p.335)? What are the 2 forms of diabetes mellitus & what is the cause of each (p.335)? Where is the thymus located & what is the importance of the thymus (p.336)? Where are prostaglandins produced (p.338)? Why can the study of prostaglandin function be confusing (p.338)? Know the role of prostaglandins in the reproductive system, digestive system, & circulatory system (p.339).
Text (Human Physiology by S.I. Fox, 9th edition):
Why is cholesterol an important molecule in the body
(p.39)? What are prostaglandins & what types of regulatory functions
have they been implicated in (p.39)? What is amoeboid movement (p.55)?
Where are cilia located in the human body & what function do they serve
in these locations (p.56-57)? What are the only cells in the human body
that have flagella (p.57)? What is the cytoskeleton (p.58)? Why are lysosomes
called suicide bags (p.59)? What is apoptosis & what is an example
of this (p.59)? What are genes & what does each gene code for (p.63-64)?
What is chromatin (p.65)?
When is dialysis needed & how does it work (p.130)?
What is edema & what can cause it (p.133)? What is an isotonic solution
& why must intravenous fluids be isotonic (p.135)?
Chapter 11 (Endocrine Glands)
What are endocrine glands, hormones (p.298)? What are the four general
chemical categories of hormones & what are some examples of each (p.299)?
What is a synergistic effect & what is a good example of this type
of effect (p.302)? What is a permissive effect & what is an example
of this type of effect (p.302)? What is an antagonistic effect (p.302)?
Know that the action of insulin (promoting the formation of fat) &
glucagon (promoting the breakdown of fat) is a good example of an antagonistic
effect (p.302). What are target cells & why are these cells able to
respond to particular hormones (p.304)?
Where is the pituitary (hypophysis) located (p.312)?
What are the 2 lobes of the pituitary (p.312)? Know that the anterior pituitary
is part of the adenohypophysis & that the posterior pituitary is part
of the neurohypophysis (p.312). Why are the anterior pituitary hormones
called trophic hormones (p.312)? What hormones are secreted by the anterior
pituitary (pars distalis), what is the "target tissue" of each, & what
are the principal actions of each (p.312-313; Table 11.6)? What two hormones
are secreted by the posterior pituitary & what is the function of each
(p.313)? Why might oxytocin be given to a pregnant woman (p.313)? Why might
oxytocin be administered after delivery (p.313)? Where are the posterior
pituitary hormones actually produced (p.314)? Why isn't the anterior pituitary
really the master gland (p.314)? Where are the adrenals located (p.318)?
What are the 2 parts of each adrenal (p.318)? What are the 3 functional
categories of corticosteroids secreted by the adrenal cortex & what
is the function of each (p.319-320)? What hormones are produced by the
adrenal medulla & what effects are caused by each (p.320)? Why are
glucocorticoids often administered to treat various inflammatory diseases
& to suppress the immune rejection of a transplanted organ (p.321)?
Where is the thyroid gland located (p.321)? Know that the hormones produced
by the thyroid are thyroxine & triiodothyronine (p.321-322). What are
the general functions of the thyroid hormones (p.322)? Know that iodine
is needed by the thyroid to produce the thyroid hormones & that insufficient
iodine in the diet may stimulate abnormal growth of the thyroid (goiter)
(p.322). Where are the parathyroid glands located (p.325)? What hormone
is secreted by the parathyroids & what is the function of this hormone
(p.325)? What are the islets of Langerhans (p.326)? What are the 2 types
of cells in the islets & what hormone does each type secrete (p.326)?
What stimulates the secretion of each of these hormones & what is the
function of each hormone (p.326-327)? What is diabetes mellitus characterized
by (p.327)? What are the 2 forms of diabetes mellitus & what is the
cause of each (p.327)? Where is the thymus located & what is the importance
of the thymus (p.329)? Where are prostaglandins produced (p.331)? Why can
the study of prostaglandin function be confusing (p.331)? Know the role
of prostaglandins in the reproductive system, digestive system, & circulatory
system (p.331-332).