Lecture:
What 2 ions are most important in the establishment of the resting membrane potential? What is relative concentration of these 2 ions on the two sides of the nerve cell membrane & how are these concentrations established? What is the sodium-potassium pump? What is a sodium gate, potassium gate? What is a typical value for the resting membrane potential? What is an action potential? What occurs during depolarization, repolarization? What causes the negative after-potential, positive after-potential? How does membrane permeability to sodium change during an action potential? How does membrane permeability to potassium change during an action potential? What is a threshold stimulation? What is the threshold potential? What is the all-or-none law? What is the absolute refractory period, relative refractory period? How does an action potential become an impulse? What factors influence conduction velocity? What is a Schwann cell? What is myelin & what is a node of Ranvier? What is saltatory conduction & how does it occur? What are two advantages of saltatory conduction? What is a dendrite, axon, cell body? What is a multipolar neuron, bipolar neuron, unipolar (or pseudounipolar) neuron? What are the functions of glial (or neuroglia) cells? What is a synapse? What is an end bulb, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicle? Why are mitochondria abundant in end bulbs? What is a presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron? Can impulses travel from post- to presynaptic neurons? Why or why not? What is an excitatory neurotransmitter & how does they work? What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter & how does they work? What is hyperpolarization? What is temporal summation, spatial summation? What are the two most common neurotransmitter substances?
What are the 2 main divisions of the body's nervous system & what are the subdivisions of each? What are the components of the myelencephalon, metencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, telencephalon? What are the 3 vital centers in the medulla & what is(are) the function(s) of each? What type(s) of fiber tracts are located in the medulla, pons? What vital centers are located in the pons? What are the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain? What is the function of the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain? What is(are) the function(s) of the thalamus? What are the main functions of the hypothalamus? Where is the reticular formation located & what is its function? What is(are) the function(s) of the cerebellum? What is the largest division of the human brain? What is the cerebral cortex? What are gyri, sulci? What is the medullary body? What are commissural fibers, projection fibers, association fibers? What is the corpus callosum? Where are the basal ganglia located & what is their function? What are the main functions of the limbic system? What are the main functions of the spinal cord? What are ascending tracts, descending tracts? What is gray matter, white matter? What is a reflex? What are the components of a reflex arc? Where are the receptors for somatic afferent (SA) fibers located? What are exteroceptors, proprioceptors? What type of neurons make up SA fibers? Where are the cell bodies of SA neurons located? What type of information is transmitted along SA neurons? Do SA fibers enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root or ventral root? What do somatic efferent (SE) fibers innervate? Where are the cell bodies of SE fibers located? What type of neurons are SE fibers? Do SE neurons leave the spinal cord via the dorsal root or ventral root of spinal nerves? Where do visceral afferent (VA) neurons originate? What is the white ramus? What type of neurons make up VA fibers? Where are the cell bodies of VA neurons located? Do VA neurons enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root or ventral root? What do visceral efferent (VE) fibers innervate? Where do the first VE neurons originate? Where do the second VE neurons originate? What is a sympathetic ganglion & how do the first VE neurons pass into this ganglion? What is the gray ramus? Where are the cell bodies of the first & second VE neurons located? Which of the 4 types of fibers are part of the Autonomic Nervous System? What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? Where does each division leave the central nervous system? What is a preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron? Which division has relatively short preganglionic neurons, relatively long preganglionic neurons? What are cholinergic fibers, adrenergic fibers? Which fibers in the ANS are cholinergic, adrenergic? What are the general functions of the 2 divisions of the ANS? Which areas of the brain are involved in the control of the ANS?
Text (Fox, 11th ed.):
What is a sensory or afferent neuron, motor or efferent neuron, association or interneuron (p.163)? What is a nerve, mixed nerve (p.164)? What is the function of Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes (p.164)? What is multiple sclerosis & what causes it (p.166)? What is acetylcholinesterase & what is its function (p.186)? What is Alzheimer's disease & what is thought to cause it (p.188)? What are the 5 feelings & behaviors that the hypothalamus & limbic system are involved in (p.217)? Where is factual information stored (p.218)? With regard to the Autonomic Nervous System, what are antagonistic effects (p.254-256) & what is the best example of an antagonistic effect (p.254)? What is a complementary effect & what is one example (p.256)? What is a cooperative effect & what is an example (p.256)? What are 4 organs that receive only sympathetic innervation (p.256)? How is regulation achieved in such organs (p.256)?
Chapter 17 - Physiology of the Kidneys
What is the primary function of the kidneys & how is this accomplished (p.575)? What do the kidneys regulate in the process of urine formation (p.575)? Where is the renal cortex & why is it reddish brown & granular in appearance (p.575)? Where is the medulla & why is it striped in appearance (p.575 - see Figure 17.2 on p.577)? KNOW that urine produced in the cortex & medulla is drained into the RENAL PELVIS, & from there is channeled via the URETERS to the single URINARY BLADDER. What is micturition (p.576)? What does a nephron consist of & what is it responsible for (p.577)? What are glomeruli (p.577-578)? What are peritubular capillaries (p.579)? What are the components of the tubular portion of a nephron (p.579)? What structure surrounds the glomerulus (p.579)? What is a renal corpuscle & where are they located (p.579)? KNOW that filtrate passes from the glomerular capsule into the PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT). Why do cells lining the PCT have microvilli (p.579)? What is reabsorbed by these cells (p.579)? KNOW that the fluid passes from the PCT to the LOOP OF HENLE then to the DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (DCT). Know that the DCT drains into a collecting duct (see Figure 17.5 on p.578). What are fenestrae & how do they affect the permeability of glomerular capillaries (p.580)? What can pass from the blood plasma to the inside of the capsule and the lumen of the nephron tubules (p.580)? Why can't red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets pass from the plasma into the capsule (p.580)? Why are plasma proteins largely excluded from the filtrate (p.580-581)? What is the glomerular filtration rate (p.582)? What happens to most of the filtered water (p.582)? How much urine do the kidneys normally excrete per day (p.583)? What is reabsorption (p.584)? How does the transport of water always occur (p.584)? What percentage of the filtered salt and water is reabsorbed in a constant fashion in the early regions of the nephron (proximal tubule and loop of Henle)(p.584)? KNOW that the osmosis of water out of the tubules occurs because the surrounding tissue fluid is hypertonic (has a very high concentration of salt). Also KNOW that the tissue fluid is hypertonic because sodium is actively transported OUT of the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle & INTO the tissue fluid. Because the walls of the ascending limb are NOT permeable to water the tubular fluid becomes increasingly dilute (hypotonic) as it ascends toward the cortex, whereas the tissue fluid becomes increasingly more concentrated (hypertonic) (p.585-587). KNOW the material in the section "Collecting Duct: Effect of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)" (p.588-590). Why must large amounts of penicillin be administered to be effective (p.593)? KNOW that glucose & amino acids are reabsorbed primarily in the proximal convoluted tubules and so are usually not present in the urine (p.596). What are diuretics & who needs them (p.604)? What is glomerulonephritis & what is believed to cause this condition (p.606)? What is renal insufficiency and what can this condition cause (p.606)? What is the treatment for patients with uremia or the potential for developing uremia (p.606)?
Text (Fox, 10th ed.):
What is a sensory or afferent neuron, motor or efferent neuron, association
or interneuron (p.163)? What is a nerve, mixed nerve (p.165)? What
is the function of Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes
(p.165)? What is multiple sclerosis & what causes it (p.167)? What
is acetylcholinesterase & what is its function (p.186)? What is
Alzheimer's disease & what is thought to cause it (p.187)? What are
the 5 feelings & behaviors that the hypothalamus & limbic system
are involved in (p.214)? Where is factual information stored (p.215)?
With regard to the Autonomic Nervous System, what are antagonistic effects
(p.249) & what is the best example of an antagonistic effect (p.249)?
What is a complementary effect & what is one example (p.250)? What
is a cooperative effect & what is an example (p.250-251)? What are 4 organs
that receive only sympathetic innervation (p.251)? How is regulation achieved
in such organs (p.251)?
Chapter 17 - Physiology of the Kidneys
What is the primary function of the kidneys & how is this accomplished (p.560)? What do the kidneys regulate in the process of urine formation (p.560)? Where is the renal cortex & why is it reddish brown & granular in appearance (p.560)? Where is the medulla & why is it striped in appearance (p.560 - see Figure 17.2 on p.561)? KNOW that urine produced in the cortex & medulla is drained into the RENAL PELVIS, & from there is channeled via the URETERS to the single URINARY BLADDER. What is micturition (p.562)? What does a nephron consist of & what is it responsible for (p.562)? What are glomeruli (p.564)? What are peritubular capillaries (p.564)? What are the components of the tubular portion of a nephron (p.564)? What structure surrounds the glomerulus (p.564)? What is a renal corpuscle & where are they located (p.564)? KNOW that filtrate passes from the glomerular capsule into the PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT). Why do cells lining the PCT have microvilli (p.564)? What is reabsorbed by these cells (p.564)? KNOW that the fluid passes from the PCT to the LOOP OF HENLE then to the DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (DCT). Know that the DCT drains into a collecting duct (see Figure 17.5 on p.563). What are fenestrae & how do they affect the permeability of glomerular capillaries (p.565)? What can pass from the blood plasma to the inside of the capsule and the lumen of the nephron tubules (p.565)? Why can't red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets pass from the plasma into the capsule (p.565)? Why are plasma proteins largely excluded from the filtrate (p.565)? What is the glomerular filtration rate (p.566)? What happens to most of the filtered water (p.566)? How much urine do the kidneys normally excrete per day (p.569)? What is reabsorption (p.569)? How does the transport of water always occur (p.569)? What percentage of the filtered salt and water is reabsorbed in a constant fashion in the early regions of the nephron (proximal tubule and loop of Henle)(p.570)? KNOW that the osmosis of water out of the tubules occurs because the surrounding tissue fluid is hypertonic (has a very high concentration of salt). Also KNOW that the tissue fluid is hypertonic because sodium is actively transported OUT of the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle & INTO the tissue fluid. Because the walls of the ascending limb are NOT permeable to water the tubular fluid becomes increasingly dilute (hypotonic) as it ascends toward the cortex, whereas the tissue fluid becomes increasingly more concentrated (hypertonic) (p.571-573). KNOW the material in the section "Collecting Duct: Effect of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)" (p.573-576). Why must large amounts of penicillin be administered to be effective (p.577)? KNOW that glucose & amino acids are reabsorbed primarily in the proximal convoluted tubules and so are usually not present in the urine (p.580). What are diuretics & who needs them (p.588)? What is glomerulonephritis & what is believed to cause this condition (p.589)? What is renal insufficiency and what can this condition cause (p.590)? What is the treatment for patients with uremia or the potential for developing uremia (p.590)?
Text (Fox, 9th ed.):
What is a sensory or afferent neuron, motor or efferent neuron, association or interneuron (p.155-156)? What is a nerve, mixed nerve (p.157)? What is the function of Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes (p.157)? What is multiple sclerosis & what causes it (p.159)? What is acetylcholinesterase & what is its function (p.177-178)? What is Alzheimer's disease & what is thought to cause it (p.179)? What are the 5 feelings & behaviors that the hypothalamus & limbic system are involved in (p.206-207)? Where is factual information stored (p.207)? With regard to the Autonomic Nervous System, what are antagonistic effects (p.242-243) & what is the best example of an antagonistic effect (p.242)? What is a complementary effect & what is one example (p.243)? What is a cooperative effect & what is an example (p.243)? What are 4 organs that receive only sympathetic innervation (p.243)? How is regulation achieved in such organs (p.243)?
Chapter 17 - Physiology of the Kidneys
What is the primary function of the kidneys & how is this accomplished (p.550)? What do the kidneys regulate in the process of urine formation (p.550)? Where is the renal cortex & why is it reddish brown & granular in appearance (p.550)? Where is the medulla & why is it striped in appearance (p.550-551-see Figure 17.2 on p.551)? KNOW that urine produced in the cortex & medulla is drained into the RENAL PELVIS, & from there is channeled via the URETERS to the single URINARY BLADDER. What is micturition (p.552)? What does a nephron consist of & what is it responsible for (p.552)? What are glomeruli (p.552)? What are peritubular capillaries (p.552)? What are the components of the tubular portion of a nephron (p.552)? What structure surrounds the glomerulus (p.552)? What is a renal corpuscle & where are they located (p.552)? KNOW that filtrate passes from the glomerular capsule into the PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT). Why do cells lining the PCT have microvilli (p.553-554)? What is reabsorbed by these cells (p.554)? KNOW that the fluid passes from the PCT to the LOOP OF HENLE then to the DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (DCT). Know that the DCT drains into a collecting duct (see Figure 17.5 on p.553). What are fenestrae & how do they affect the permeability of glomerular capillaries (p.555)? What can pass from the blood plasma to the inside of the capsule and the lumen of the nephron tubules (p.555)? Why can't red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets pass from the plasma into the capsule (p.555)? Why are plasma proteins largely excluded from the filtrate (p.555)? What is the glomerular filtration rate (p.557)? What happens to most of the filtered water (p.557)? How much urine do the kidneys normally excrete per day (p.558)? What is reabsorption (p.559)? How does the transport of water always occur (p.559)? What percentage of the filtered salt and water is reabsorbed in a constant fashion in the early regions of the nephron (proximal tubule and loop of Henle)(p.560)? KNOW that the osmosis of water out of the tubules occurs because the surrounding tissue fluid is hypertonic (has a very high concentration of salt). Also KNOW that the tissue fluid is hypertonic because sodium is actively transported OUT of the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle & INTO the tissue fluid. Because the walls of the ascending limb are NOT permeable to water the tubular fluid becomes increasingly dilute (hypotonic) as it ascends toward the cortex, whereas the tissue fluid becomes increasingly more concentrated (hypertonic) (p.560-562). KNOW the material in the section "Collecting Duct: Effect of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)" (p.564-566). Why must large amounts of penicillin be administered to be effective (p.567)? KNOW that glucose & amino acids are reabsorbed primarily in the proximal convoluted tubules and so are usually not present in the urine (p.571). What are diuretics & who needs them (p.577-578)? What is glomerulonephritis & what is believed to cause this condition (p.579)? What is renal insufficiency and what can this condition cause (p.579)? What is the treatment for patients with uremia or the potential for developing uremia (p.579)?