Cardiovascular Physiology - Lecture:
What are the 2 'circulations'? What is the pathway of blood flow through
the heart? What are the 3 distinct layers of the heart walls & what
does each consist of? Is cardiac muscle striated, involuntary? Where are
intercalated discs located & what do they consist of? Why are desmosomes
important? Why are gap junctions important? What are the 2 types of cardiac
muscle cells? Which cells exhibit pacemaker potentials? In autorhythmic
cells, what occurs during depolarization, repolarization? In contractile
cells, what occurs during depolarization, repolarization? What causes the
plateau during repolarization of contractile cells? Which areas of the
heart are autorhythmic? What area of the heart is call the pacemaker &
why is it given this name? What is AV nodal delay & why is it important?
Why do cardiac muscle cells have relatively long refractory periods &
why are these long refractory periods important? What is an ECG? What is
occurring during the P wave, QRS complex, T wave? What are the 2 AV valves,
the 2 semilunar valves? What is the function of the AV valves, the semilunar
valves? What causes these valves to open & close? Which valves have
chordae tendinae? What is the function of chordae tendinae, papillary muscles?
What is systole, diastole? What causes the first heart sound, second heart
sound? During ventricular systole, why is left ventricular pressure greater
than right ventricular pressure? What are the 5 "phases" of ventricular
volume & what occurs during each phase? What is cardiac output &
how is it expressed? What two values must be known to determine cardiac
output? What is cardiac reserve? How can heart rate be altered? What is
the effect of sympathetic stimulation on heart rate & what is the physiological
mechanism for this effect? What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation
on heart rate & what is the physiological mechanism for this effect?
What is intrinsic control of stroke volume? What is extrinsic control of
stroke volume? What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart? How does sympathetic
stimulation increase stroke volume?
How
is flow rate through a vessel influenced by the pressure gradient, vascular
resistance? What is the pressure gradient? What is pressure? What is resistance?
What is the relationship between vessel radius and resistance? What are
the functions of arteries? How do arteries function as pressure reservoirs?
What is systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure? What is
the function of the arterioles? What factors influence the radius of arterioles?
What is intrinsic, or local, control? How does active hyperemia occur?
What is extrinsic control & how does it occur? What is the function
of capillaries? What factors enhance diffusion into & out of capillaries?
How does exchange occur between the blood (in the capillaries) & the
tissues? What is bulk flow? How do hydrostatic (blood) pressure & blood
osmotic pressure interact to bring about bulk flow? Why is bulk flow important? What are the functions of veins?
Respiration - Lecture:
What is the primary function of the respiratory system? What are the components of the conducting zone or division of the respiratory system? What makes up the respiratory zone or division? What muscles are involved in inspiration, expiration? What is caused by contraction of the inspiratory muscles, by relaxation of the inspiratory muscles? How & why does intra-alveolar pressure change during inspiration & expiration? What is the role of pulmonary surfactant? Why is reducing surface tension important? What is external respiration & why is it so efficient? What is internal respiration? How does the exchange of gases occur in external respiration? What is partial pressure? What are the partial pressures of CO2 & O2 in the alveoli, alveolar capillaries (both coming in & going out), body cells, tissue capillaries (both going in & coming out)? How is oxygen transported in the blood? How does the partial pressure of oxygen affect hemoglobin saturation? What is the significance of the plateau in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? What is the significance of the steep portion of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? How do pH, temperature, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, & CO2 affect hemoglobin molecules & the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? What is the significance of these effects? How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? What are the roles of the following in the control of respiration: rhythmicity area, I neurons, E neurons, apneustic center, pneumotaxic center? Where are chemoreceptors located & what is their function? How are changes in carbon dioxide levels in the body detected & what effect does that have on respiratory rates? What factors are thought to trigger the increase in respiratory rates during heavy exercise?
Text - Fox, 13th edition - Chapters 13 & 14
What are heart murmurs & what causes them (p.420)? What are varicose veins & what causes them (p.436)? What is atherosclerosis (p.436-437)? What are atheromas (p.437)? When is a tissue said to be ischemic (p.439)? What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia (p.439)? What is angina pectoris (p.439)? What is a myocardial infarction (p.439)? What is bradycardia & tachycardia & what causes these conditions (p.440)? What are ectopic pacemakers & how do such pacemakers alter heart rate (p.440)? What is flutter, fibrillation (p.440-441)? What causes fibrillation (p.441) & how can fibrillation be stopped (p.441)? What is AV node block & how can it be detected on an electrocardiogram (p.441-442)? What is first-degree AV node block, second-degree AV node block, third-degree AV node block (p.442)? What are the 3 basic functions of the lymphatic system (p.443)? What are lymphatic capillaries (p.443)? What is lymph (p.443)? What do lymph nodes contain (p.444)? KNOW that the tonsils, thymus, & spleen are lymphoid organs & are sites of lymphocyte production (p.444).
What are baroreceptors & where are they located (p.477)? What are the vasomotor control centers & where are they located (p.477)? What is the baroreceptor reflex & how does it act to increase or decrease blood pressure (p.478)? What is hypertension, secondary hypertension, primary hypertension (p.482-483)? What are 3 dangers of hypertension (p.484-485)? How is hypertension usually treated (p.485)? What is circulatory shock (p.485)? What is hypovolemic shock, anaphylactic shock, neurogenic shock, cardiogenic shock (p.486)? What cardiovascular reflexes help to compensate for circulatory shock (Table 14.12; p.485)?
Text - Fox, 13th edition - Chapter 16 (Respiratory Physiology)
What is a tracheotomy, tracheostomy (p.536)? What is spirometry (p.542)? Know the definitions of the terms in Table 16.3 (p.542). What is asthma, emphysema (p.545-546)? What is SIDS & what is thought to be its cause (p.558)? Why has the number of infants dying from SIDS dropped by 50% since 1992 (p.558)?
Text - Fox, 13th edition - Chapter 20 (Reproduction)
What are the 2 gonadotropic hormones produced & secreted by the anterior pituitary (p.708)? What are the 3 primary effects these hormones have on the gonads (ovaries & testes) (p.708)? What is thought to cause the rise in gonadotropin secretion at puberty (p.709)? What is menarche, amenorrhea (p.710)? What are the 2 "compartments" of the testes & what is the function of each (p.711)? Which "compartment" is sensitive to FSH, LH (p.712)? What is the major androgen secreted by the adult testis (p.713)? What are 3 effects of increased androgen secretion during puberty (p.713-714)? Which cells in the testes are the major source of testosterone (p.714; Fig. 20.14)? What are spermatogonia (p.714)? KNOW that both testosterone & FSH are needed for spermatogenesis at puberty, but that androgens (testosterone) alone maintains spermatogenesis in adult males (p.716-717). What is the epididymis (p.717) & what occurs to sperm in the epididymis (p.717)? What is the vas (ductus) deferens & what is its function (p.717)? What is semen (p.717-718)? What do the seminal vesicles secrete & what is the function of this secretion (p.718)? How is erection achieved (p.718-719)? What is emission (p.719)? What is ejaculation (p.719)? What is the role of sympathetic nerves in ejaculation (p.719-720)? What is the typical sperm content in ejaculated semen (p.721)? What is oligospermia (p.721)? What is done in a vasectomy (p.721)?
What is ovulation (p.722)? Where do ova go after ovulation & why (p.722)? What is the uterus (p.722)? How many oocytes ("egg cells") are in the ovaries of a newborn girl (p.724)? How many are present at puberty (p.724)? KNOW that a primary follicle consists of an oocyte plus numerous granulosa cells that surround the oocyte (p.724). KNOW that a secondary follicle is larger than a primary follicle & has a fluid-filled cavity (p.724). KNOW that a fully mature follicle is called a GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE & it is so large it forms a bulge on the surface of the ovary (p.724). KNOW that the release of the oocyte from a Graafian follicle & out of the ovary into the uterine (fallopian) tube is called ovulation (p.724-725 & Fig. 20.31, p.727). How does the empty follicle become a corpus luteum (p.726)? What hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum (p.726)? What is menstruation (p.727)? What is the duration of the average menstrual cycle (p.727)? How long is the follicular phase & what happens to the follicles during this phase (p.728)? What happens to estradiol (estrogen) levels during the follicular phase & what causes it (p.728)? What stimulates the growth of the follicles & secretion of estrogen (p.728)? KNOW that increasing estrogen levels stimulate the pituitary to increase secretion of LH (p.728). When does the LH surge occur & what does this surge trigger (p.728)? What does the corpus luteum secrete (p.729)? KNOW that the combined high levels of estrogen & progesterone inhibits further development of new follicles (p.730). Why do estrogen & progesterone levels fall during the late luteal phase (p.730)? What does this withdrawal of ovarian hormones cause (p.730)? KNOW that the epithelial lining of the uterus is called the endometrium (p.730). KNOW the 3 endometrial phases, what occurs during each phase, & what hormones are involved in each phase (p.730-731). What do oral contraceptives usually consist of & how do such contraceptives prevent ovulation (p.732)? What is menopause and at what age does it typically occur (p.733)? What happens to the ovaries during the postmenopausal years (p.733)?
Text - Fox, 12th edition - Chapters 13 & 14
What are heart murmurs & what causes them (p.416-417)? What are varicose veins & what causes them (p.431)? What is atherosclerosis (p.432)? What are atheromas (p.432)? When is a tissue said to be ischemic (p.434)? What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia (p.434)? What is angina pectoris (p.434)? What is a myocardial infarction (p.434)? What is bradycardia & tachycardia & what causes these conditions (p.435)? What are ectopic pacemakers & how do such pacemakers alter heart rate (p.435)? What is flutter, fibrillation (p.435-436)? What causes fibrillation (p.436) & how can fibrillation be stopped (p.436)? What is AV node block & how can it be detected on an electrocardiogram (p.436)? What is first-degree AV node block, second-degree AV node block, third-degree AV node block (p.437)? What are the 3 basic functions of the lymphatic system (p.438)? What are lymphatic capillaries (p.438)? What is lymph (p.438)? What do lymph nodes contain (p.438)? KNOW that the tonsils, thymus, & spleen are lymphoid organs & are sites of lymphocyte production (p.439).
What are baroreceptors & where are they located (p.470)? What are the vasomotor control centers & where are they located (p.471)? What is the baroreceptor reflex & how does it act to increase or decrease blood pressure (p.471)? What is hypertension, secondary hypertension, primary hypertension (p.476)? What are 3 dangers of hypertension (p.477-478)? How is hypertension usually treated (p.478)? What is circulatory shock (p.478)? What is hypovolemic shock, anaphylactic shock, neurogenic shock, cardiogenic shock (p.478-479)? What cardiovascular reflexes help to compensate for circulatory shock (Table 14.12; p.479)?
Text - Fox, 12th edition - Chapter 16 (Respiratory Physiology)
What is a tracheotomy, tracheostomy (p.528)? What is spirometry (p.535)? Know the definitions of the terms in Table 16.3 (p.536). What is asthma, emphysema (p.537-538)? What is SIDS & what is thought to be its cause (p.550)? Why has the number of infants dying from SIDS dropped by 38% since 1992 (p.550)?
Text - Fox, 12th edition - Chapter 20 (Reproduction)
What are the 2 gonadotropic hormones produced & secreted by the anterior pituitary (p.702)? What are the 3 primary effects these hormones have on the gonads (ovaries & testes) (p.702)? What is thought to cause the rise in gonadotropin secretion at puberty (p.703)? What is menarche, amenorrhea (p.704-705)? What are the 2 "compartments" of the testes & what is the function of each (p.706)? Which "compartment" is sensitive to FSH, LH (p.706-707)? What is the major androgen secreted by the adult testis (p.708)? What are 3 effects of increased androgen secretion during puberty (p.708)? Which cells in the testes are the major source of testosterone (p.709; Fig. 20.14)? What are spermatogonia (p.709)? KNOW that both testosterone & FSH are needed for spermatogenesis at puberty, but that androgens (testosterone) alone maintains spermatogenesis in adult males (p.711-712). What is the epididymis (p.712) & what occurs to sperm in the epididymis (p.712)? What is the vas (ductus) deferens & what is its function (p.712)? What is semen (p.712)? What do the seminal vesicles secrete & what is the function of this secretion (p.713)? How is erection achieved (p.713)? What is emission (p.714)? What is ejaculation (p.714)? What is the role of sympathetic nerves in ejaculation (p.714)? What is the typical sperm content in ejaculated semen (p.715)? What is oligospermia (p.715)? What is done in a vasectomy (p.716)?
What is ovulation (p.717)? Where do ova go after ovulation & why (p.717)? What is the uterus (p.717)? How many oocytes ("egg cells") are in the ovaries of a newborn girl (p.717)? How many are present at puberty (p.717)? KNOW that a primary follicle consists of an oocyte plus numerous granulosa cells that surround the oocyte (p.718). KNOW that a secondary follicle is larger than a primary follicle & has a fluid-filled cavity (p.718-719). KNOW that a fully mature follicle is called a GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE & it is so large it forms a bulge on the surface of the ovary (p.719). KNOW that the release of the oocyte from a Graafian follicle & out of the ovary into the uterine (fallopian) tube is called ovulation (p.720 & Fig. 20.31, p.722). How does the empty follicle become a corpus luteum (p.720)? What hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum (p.720-721)? What is menstruation (p.722)? What is the duration of the average menstrual cycle (p.722)? How long is the follicular phase & what happens to the follicles during this phase (p.723)? What happens to estradiol (estrogen) levels during the follicular phase & what causes it (p.723)? What stimulates the growth of the follicles & secretion of estrogen (p.723)? KNOW that increasing estrogen levels stimulate the pituitary to increase secretion of LH (p.723). When does the LH surge occur & what does this surge trigger (p.723)? What does the corpus luteum secrete (p.724)? KNOW that the combined high levels of estrogen & progesterone inhibits further development of new follicles (p.724). Why do estrogen & progesterone levels fall during the late luteal phase (p.724-725)? What does this withdrawal of ovarian hormones cause (p.725)? KNOW that the epithelial lining of the uterus is called the endometrium (p.725). KNOW the 3 endometrial phases, what occurs during each phase, & what hormones are involved in each phase (p.725). What do oral contraceptives usually consist of & how do such contraceptives prevent ovulation (p.726-727)? What is menopause and at what age does it typically occur (p.728)? What happens to the ovaries during the postmenopausal years (p.728)?
Text - Fox, 11th edition - Chapters 13 & 14
What are heart murmurs & what causes them (p.418-419)? What are varicose veins & what causes them (p.431)? What is atherosclerosis (p.432)? What are atheromas (p.432)? When is a tissue said to be ischemic (p.434)? What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia (p.434)? What is angina pectoris (p.434)? What is a myocardial infarction (p.434)? What is bradycardia & tachycardia & what causes these conditions (p.435)? What are ectopic pacemakers & how do such pacemakers alter heart rate (p.435)? What is flutter, fibrillation (p.435-436)? What causes fibrillation (p.436) & how can fibrillation be stopped (p.436)? What is AV node block & how can it be detected on an electrocardiogram (p.436)? What is first-degree AV node block, second-degree AV node block, third-degree AV node block (p.436-437)? What are the 3 basic functions of the lymphatic system (p.437)? What are lymphatic capillaries (p.437)? What is lymph (p.438)? What do lymph nodes contain (p.438)? KNOW that the tonsils, thymus, & spleen are lymphoid organs & are sites of lymphocyte production (p.438).
What are baroreceptors & where are they located (p.470)? What are the vasomotor control centers & where are they located (p.471)? What is the baroreceptor reflex & how does it act to increase or decrease blood pressure (p.471)? What is hypertension, secondary hypertension, primary hypertension (p.476)? What are 3 dangers of hypertension (p.477-478)? How is hypertension usually treated (p.478)? What is circulatory shock (p.478)? What is hypovolemic shock, anaphylactic shock, neurogenic shock, cardiogenic shock (p.479-480)? What cardiovascular reflexes help to compensate for circulatory shock (Table 14.12; p.479)?
Text - Fox, 11th edition - Chapter 16 (Respiratory Physiology)
What is a tracheotomy, tracheostomy (p.528)? What is spirometry (p.535)? Know the definitions of the terms in Table 16.3 (p.536). What is asthma, emphysema (p.537-538)? What is SIDS & what is thought to be its cause (p.550)? Why has the number of infants dying from SIDS dropped by 38% since 1992 (p.550)?
Text - Fox, 11th edition - Chapter 20 (Reproduction)
What are the 2 gonadotropic hormones produced & secreted by the anterior pituitary (p.701)? What are the 3 primary effects these hormones have on the gonads (ovaries & testes) (p.701)? What is thought to cause the rise in gonadotropin secretion at puberty (p.702)? What is menarche, amenorrhea (p.703-704)? What are the 2 "compartments" of the testes & what is the function of each (p.705)? Which "compartment" is sensitive to FSH, LH (p.705-706)? What is the major androgen secreted by the adult testis (p.707)? What are 3 effects of increased androgen secretion during puberty (p.707)? Which cells in the testes are the major source of testosterone (p.708; Fig. 20.15)? What are spermatogonia (p.708)? KNOW that both testosterone & FSH are needed for spermatogenesis at puberty, but that androgens (testosterone) alone maintains spermatogenesis in adult males (p.710-711). What is the epididymis (p.711) & what occurs to sperm in the epididymis (p.711)? What is the vas (ductus) deferens & what is its function (p.711)? What is semen (p.711)? What do the seminal vesicles secrete & what is the function of this secretion (p.712)? How is erection achieved (p.712)? What is emission (p.713)? What is ejaculation (p.713)? What is the role of sympathetic nerves in ejaculation (p.713)? What is the typical sperm content in ejaculated semen (p.714)? What is oligospermia (p.714)? What is done in a vasectomy (p.715)?
What is ovulation (p.715)? Where do ova go after ovulation & why (p.715-716)? What is the uterus (p.716)? How many oocytes ("egg cells") are in the ovaries of a newborn girl (p.717)? How many are present at puberty (p.717)? KNOW that a primary follicle consists of an oocyte plus numerous granulosa cells that surround the oocyte (p.717). KNOW that a secondary follicle is larger than a primary follicle & has a fluid-filled cavity (p.717-718). KNOW that a fully mature follicle is called a GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE & it is so large it forms a bulge on the surface of the ovary (p.719). KNOW that the release of the oocyte from a Graafian follicle & out of the ovary into the uterine (fallopian) tube is called ovulation (p.719& Fig. 20.32, p.721). How does the empty follicle become a corpus luteum (p.719)? What hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum (p.719-720)? What is menstruation (p.721)? What is the duration of the average menstrual cycle (p.721)? How long is the follicular phase & what happens to the follicles during this phase (p.722)? What happens to estradiol (estrogen) levels during the follicular phase & what causes it (p.722)? What stimulates the growth of the follicles & secretion of estrogen (p.722)? KNOW that increasing estrogen levels stimulate the pituitary to increase secretion of LH (p.722). When does the LH surge occur & what does this surge trigger (p.722)? What does the corpus luteum secrete (p.723)? KNOW that the combined high levels of estrogen & progesterone inhibits further development of new follicles (p.723-724). Why do estrogen & progesterone levels fall during the late luteal phase (p.724)? What does this withdrawal of ovarian hormones cause (p.724)? KNOW that the epithelial lining of the uterus is called the endometrium (p.724). KNOW the 3 endometrial phases, what occurs during each phase, & what hormones are involved in each phase (p.724). What do oral contraceptives usually consist of & how do such contraceptives prevent ovulation (p.725-726)? What is menopause and at what age does it typically occur (p.727)? What happens to the ovaries during the postmenopausal years (p.727)?
What are heart murmurs & what causes them (p.405-406)? What are varicose
veins & what causes them (p.419)? What is atherosclerosis (p.419)?
What are atheromas (p.419)? When is a tissue said to be ischemic (p.421)?
What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia (p.421)? What is angina
pectoris (p.421)? What is a myocardial infarction (p.421)? What is bradycardia
& tachycardia & what causes these conditions (p.422)? What are
ectopic pacemakers & how do such pacemakers alter heart rate (p.422)?
What is flutter, fibrillation (p.422-423)? What causes fibrillation (p.423)
& how can fibrillation be stopped (p.423)? What is AV node block &
how can it be detected on an electrocardiogram (p.423)? What is first-degree
AV node block, second-degree AV node block, third-degree AV node block
(p.423-424)? What are the 3 basic functions of the lymphatic system (p.424)?
What are lymphatic capillaries (p.424)? What is lymph (p.424)? What do
lymph nodes contain (p.425)? KNOW that the tonsils, thymus, & spleen
are lymphoid organs & are sites of lymphocyte production (p.425).
What are baroreceptors & where are they located
(p.458)? What are the vasomotor control centers & where are they located
(p.458)? What is the baroreceptor reflex & how does it act to increase
or decrease blood pressure (p.458-459)? What is hypertension, secondary
hypertension, primary hypertension (p.463)? What are 3 dangers of hypertension
(p.464)? How is hypertension usually treated (p.464-465)? What is circulatory
shock (p.465)? What is hypovolemic shock, anaphylactic shock, neurogenic
shock, cardiogenic shock (p.465-466)? What cardiovascular reflexes help
to compensate for circulatory shock (Table 14.12; p.466)?
Text - Fox, 10th edition - Chapter 16 (Respiratory Physiology)
What is a tracheotomy, tracheostomy (p.515)? What is spirometry (p.522)? Know the definitions of the terms in Table 16.3 (p.522). What is asthma, emphysema (p.523-525)? What is SIDS & what is thought to be its cause (p.535)? Why has the number of infants dying from SIDS dropped by 38% since 1992 (p.535)?
Text - Fox, 10th edition - Chapter 20 (Reproduction)
What are the 2 gonadotropic hormones produced & secreted by the anterior pituitary (p.682)? What are the 3 primary effects these hormones have on the gonads (ovaries & testes) (p.682)? What is thought to cause the rise in gonadotropin secretion at puberty (p.684)? What is menarche, amenorrhea (p.684)? What are the 2 "compartments" of the testes & what is the function of each (p.686)? Which "compartment" is sensitive to FSH, LH (p.686)? What is the major androgen secreted by the adult testis (p.688)? What are 3 effects of increased androgen secretion during puberty (p.688)? Which cells in the testes are the major source of testosterone (p.689; Fig. 20.15)? What are spermatogonia (p.689)? KNOW that both testosterone & FSH are needed for spermatogenesis at puberty, but that androgens (testosterone) alone maintains spermatogenesis in adult males (p.691-692). What is the epididymis (p.692) & what occurs to sperm in the epididymis (p.692)? What is the vas (ductus) deferens & what is its function (p.692)? What is semen (p.692)? What do the seminal vesicles secrete & what is the function of this secretion (p.692-693)? How is erection achieved (p.693)? What is emission (p.693)? What is ejaculation (p.693)? What is the role of sympathetic nerves in ejaculation (p.693)? What is the typical sperm content in ejaculated semen (p.694)? What is oligospermia (p.694)? What is done in a vasectomy (p.695)?
What is ovulation (p.696)? Where do ova go after ovulation & why (p.696)? What is the uterus (p.696)? How many oocytes ("egg cells") are in the ovaries of a newborn girl (p.698)? How many are present at puberty (p.698)? KNOW that a primary follicle consists of an oocyte plus numerous granulosa cells that surround the oocyte (p.698). KNOW that a secondary follicle is larger than a primary follicle & has a fluid-filled cavity (p.698). KNOW that a fully mature follicle is called a GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE & it is so large it forms a bulge on the surface of the ovary (p.698). KNOW that the release of the oocyte from a Graafian follicle & out of the ovary into the uterine (fallopian) tube is called ovulation (p.700 & Fig. 20.32, p.701). How does the empty follicle become a corpus luteum (p.700)? What hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum (p.700)? What is menstruation (p.702)? What is the duration of the average menstrual cycle (p.702)? How long is the follicular phase & what happens to the follicles during this phase (p.702-703)? What happens to estradiol (estrogen) levels during the follicular phase & what causes it (p.702-703)? What stimulates the growth of the follicles & secretion of estrogen (p.702)? KNOW that increasing estrogen levels stimulate the pituitary to increase secretion of LH (p.702-703). When does the LH surge occur & what does this surge trigger (p.703)? What does the corpus luteum secrete (p.704)? KNOW that the combined high levels of estrogen & progesterone inhibits further development of new follicles (p.704). Why do estrogen & progesterone levels fall during the late luteal phase (p.704)? What does this withdrawal of ovarian hormones cause (p.704)? KNOW that the epithelial lining of the uterus is called the endometrium (p.704). KNOW the 3 endometrial phases, what occurs during each phase, & what hormones are involved in each phase (p.704-705). What do oral contraceptives usually consist of & how do such contraceptives prevent ovulation (p.706)? What is menopause and at what age does it typically occur (p.707)? What happens to the ovaries during the postmenopausal years (p.707)?
What are heart murmurs & what causes them (p.398-399)? What are
varicose veins & what causes them (p.410)? What is atherosclerosis
(p.411)? What are atheromas (p.411)? When is a tissue said to be ischemic
(p.414)? What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia (p.414)?
What is angina pectoris (p.414)? What is a myocardial infarction (p.414)?
What is bradycardia & tachycardia & what causes these conditions
(p.414)? What are ectopic pacemakers & how do such pacemakers alter
heart rate (p.414-415)? What is flutter, fibrillation (p.415)? What causes
fibrillation (p.415) & how can fibrillation be stopped (p.415)? What
is AV node block & how can it be detected on an electrocardiogram (p.416)?
What is first-degree AV node block, second-degree AV node block, third-degree
AV node block (p.416)? What are the 3 basic functions of the lymphatic
system (p.416-417)? What are lymphatic capillaries (p.417)? What is lymph
(p.417)? What do lymph nodes contain (p.417-418)? KNOW that the tonsils,
thymus, & spleen are lymphoid organs & are sites of lymphocyte
production (p.417-418).
What are baroreceptors & where are they located
(p.449)? What are the vasomotor control centers & where are they located
(p.449)? What is the baroreceptor reflex & how does it act to increase
or decrease blood pressure (p.450)? What is hypertension, secondary hypertension,
primary hypertension (p.454)? What are 3 dangers of hypertension (p.455)?
How is hypertension usually treated (p.456)? What is circulatory shock
(p.456)? What is hypovolemic shock, anaphylactic shock, neurogenic shock,
cardiogenic shock (p.456-457)? What cardiovascular reflexes help to compensate
for circulatory shock (Table 14.12; p.457)?
Text - Fox, 9th edition - Chapter 16 (Respiratory Physiology)
What is a tracheotomy, tracheostomy (p.505)? What is spirometry (p.511-512)?
Know the definitions of the terms in Table 16.3 (p.513). What is asthma,
emphysema (p.514-515)? What is SIDS & what is thought to be its cause
(p.526)? Why has the number of infants dying from SIDS dropped by 38% since
1992 (p.526)?
Text - Fox, 9th edition - Chapter 20 (Reproduction)
What are the 2 gonadotropic hormones produced & secreted by the anterior pituitary (p.670)? What are the 3 primary effects these hormones have on the gonads (ovaries & testes) (p.670)? What is thought to cause the rise in gonadotropin secretion at puberty (p.672)? What is menarche, amenorrhea (p.672-673)? What are the 2 "compartments" of the testes & what is the function of each (p.674)? Which "compartment" is sensitive to FSH, LH (p.674-675)? What is the major androgen secreted by the adult testis (p.676)? What are 3 effects of increased androgen secretion during puberty (p.676)? Which cells in the testes are the major source of testosterone (p.677; Fig. 20.15)? What are spermatogonia (p.677)? KNOW that both testosterone & FSH are needed for spermatogenesis at puberty, but that androgens (testosterone) alone maintains spermatogenesis in adult males (p.680). What is the epididymis (p.680) & what occurs to sperm in the epididymis (p.680-681)? What is the vas (ductus) deferens & what is its function (p.680)? What is semen (p.681)? What do the seminal vesicles secrete & what is the function of this secretion (p.681)? How is erection achieved (p.682)? What is emission (p.682)? What is ejaculation (p.682)? What is the role of sympathetic nerves in ejaculation (p.682-683)? What is the typical sperm content in ejaculated semen (p.684)? What is oligospermia (p.684)? What is done in a vasectomy (p.684)? What is ovulation (p.685)? Where do ova go after ovulation & why (p.685)? What is the uterus (p.685)? How many oocytes ("egg cells") are in the ovaries of a newborn girl (p.685)? How many are present at puberty (p.685)? KNOW that a primary follicle consists of an oocyte plus numerous granulosa cells that surround the oocyte (p.686). KNOW that a secondary follicle is larger than a primary follicle & has a fluid-filled cavity (p.687). KNOW that a fully mature follicle is called a GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE & it is so large it forms a bulge on the surface of the ovary (p.687). KNOW that the release of the oocyte from a Graafian follicle & out of the ovary into the uterine (fallopian) tube is called ovulation (p.689 & Fig. 20.30, p.689). How does the empty follicle become a corpus luteum (p.689)? What hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum (p.689)? What is menstruation (p.690)? What is the duration of the average menstrual cycle (p.691)? How long is the follicular phase & what happens to the follicles during this phase (p.691)? What happens to estradiol (estrogen) levels during the follicular phase & what causes it (p.691)? What stimulates the growth of the follicles & secretion of estrogen (p.691)? KNOW that increasing estrogen levels stimulate the pituitary to increase secretion of LH (p.692). When does the LH surge occur & what does this surge trigger (p.692)? What does the corpus luteum secrete (p.693)? KNOW that the combined high levels of estrogen & progesterone inhibits further development of new follicles (p.693). Why do estrogen & progesterone levels fall during the late luteal phase (p.693)? What does this withdrawal of ovarian hormones cause (p.693)? KNOW that the epithelial lining of the uterus is called the endometrium (p.693). KNOW the 3 endometrial phases, what occurs during each phase, & what hormones are involved in each phase (p.693). What do oral contraceptives usually consist of & how do such contraceptives prevent ovulation (p.694)? What is menopause and at what age does it typically occur (p.695)? What happens to the ovaries during the postmenopausal years (p.695-696)?