Lecture:
How is an impulse conducted across a neuromuscular junction? What is
a fasciculus, muscle fiber, myofibril, myofilament? What is the
epimysium,
perimysium, endomysium? What is the sarcolemma? What is a t-tubule?
What
is sarcoplasmic reticulum? What are the 2 types of myofilaments? Why
does
skeletal muscle appear to be striated? What is a sarcomere? What is a
Z-line?
What 3 proteins make up thin myofilaments & how are these proteins
arranged in a thin myofilament? What type of protein makes up thick
myofilaments?
What is a cross-bridge? What is the sliding-filament theory? What
happens
to the distance between Z-lines during contraction? What is the role of
each of the following in skeletal muscle contraction: sarcolemma,
t-tubule,
sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium, troponin, tropomyosin, actin,
cross-bridges,
ATP? What happens to the calcium when muscle relaxes? What is an
isotonic
contraction, isometric contraction? What is a twitch? What are the 3
components
of a twitch & what happens during each? What is motor unit
summation,
wave summation? What is a motor unit? Is skeletal muscle capable of a
graded
response? Why or why not? In wave summation, why does a muscle contract
more strongly in response to rapid stimulation? What is tetanus? Is
smooth
muscle striated? Why or why not? What is multiunit smooth muscle,
unitary
smooth muscle? Which type of smooth muscle is composed of motor units?
Where is multiunit smooth muscle found in the body? Where is unitary
smooth
muscle found in the body? Which types of muscle have t-tubules,
sarcoplasmic
reticulum? Do all types of muscle contain equal quantities of
sarcoplasmic
reticulum? What is the site of calcium activity in skeletal muscle,
smooth
muscle? What is calmodulin?
What are the 3 primary functions of blood? What are the 3 formed elements in blood? What is a biconcave disc & which formed element has this shape? Which formed elements have a nucleus? What is a typical concentration of RBCs? What is the hematocrit? What are typical hematocrit values for males, females? Which formed elements contain hemoglobin? What is erythropoiesis? Where does erythropoiesis occur & at what rate does it typically occur? What is a hemocytoblast? How does hypoxia increase the rate of RBC production? How is erythropoietin produced? How many molecules of oxygen can combine with each molecule of hemoglobin? What is oxyhemoglobin, reduced hemoglobin? What is carbaminohemoglobin? What is the typical concentration of white blood cells? What are the main differences between granular and agranular white blood cells? How many types of granular WBCs are there? How many types of agranular WBCs are there? Know each type of WBC & the main function(s) of each. What is phagocytosis, diapedesis, ameboid motion, chemotaxis? Where are platelets formed? What are megakaryocytes? What is the typical concentration of platelets in the blood? What is(are) the function(s) of platelets? What is the typical life-span of a platelet & why is this life-span so short? What are the major components of plasma? What are the 3 main categories of plasma proteins & which is most abundant. What is(are) the main function(s) of each category of plasma protein? What is hemostasis? Why do injured or damaged blood vessels vasoconstrict? How is a platelet plug formed? What is the role of collagen in platelet plug formation? What are the 2 pathways of blood coagulation? How is prothrombin activator formed & what is its role in blood coagulation? What is the role of each of the following in blood coagulation: prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen? What "activates" the intrinsic pathway, extrinsic pathway? What causes clot retraction? What is fibrinolysis & how does it occur? What is a thrombus, embolus? What is thrombocytopenia, hemophilia?
What is immunity? What are the 2 major targets of our body defense system? How do bacteria & viruses cause damage? What are the 4 nonspecific immune responses? What initiates the inflammatory response? What is the role of histamine in inflammation? What is the role of neutrophils (phagocytes) in inflammation? What is the role of clotting factors in inflammation? What type of organisms does interferon act against? How does interferon "interfere" with viruses? What is the function of natural killer cells? What activates the complement system? What are the 6 ways by which the complement system provides protection? What are the two specific immune responses? What cells are responsible for humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity? Where do B & T cells develop? What do B cells act against? What do T cells act against? How do B & T cells recognize unwanted cells? What is an antigen? What causes B cells to become plasma cells or memory cells? What is an antibody? What are the 5 subclasses of immunoglogulins & what is the primary role of each? Which subclass of immunoglobulin is most abundant? What are the 3 ways in which antibodies provide protection? What is neutralization, agglutination? What other defense systems are enhanced by antibodies? What are the roles of plasma cells & memory cells? What is the primary response, the secondary response? What is active immunity, passive immunity? What do T lymphocytes defend against? How are T lymphocytes activated? What are the 3 types of T cells & what is the role of each? What do cytotoxic T cells target? How do cytotoxic T cells destroy target cells? How are helper T cells activated? What cells are "helped" by helper T cells? What are the 4 cytokines secreted by helper T cells & what is the function of each? What are the functions of suppressor T cells? What is autoimmunity & how might it arise? What are the 2 types of antigens in the ABO system? Which antigen(s) is(are) present in Type A blood, Type B blood, Type AB blood, Type O blood? Why are antibodies produced if the Type A or B antigens are not present? Which antibody is present in the plasma of individuals with Type A blood, Type B blood, Type O blood? Which antibodies are present in the plasma of individuals with Type O blood? What happens when anti-A antibodies are mixed with RBCs with the A antigen & when anti-B antibodies are mixed with RBCs with the B antigen? Know the procedure for typing blood. Why are individuals with Type O blood referred to as universal donors? Why are individual with Type AB blood referred to as universal recipients? What does Rh positive mean? What does Rh negative mean? What is erythroblastosis fetalis & how can it occur? What is RhoGAM & how can it prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?
Text (Fox, 10th ed.):
Ch. 13 - What is anemia (p.393)? What is iron-deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, aplastic anemia (p.393)? What is polycythemia, leukocytosis, leukemia (p.394)?
Ch. 15 - What is fever & what causes it (p.475-476)? Why may fevers be beneficial (p.476)? How many different types of antibodies can an individual's immune system produce & what does this tremendous antibody diversity usually ensure (p.484)? What is AIDS & what virus causes it (p.487)? How does this virus cause an "immune deficiency" (p.487)? What does the current treatment for AIDS include (p.487)? What is oncology (p.497)? What are benign tumors, malignant tumors (p.497)? What is metastasis (p.497)? What does the term cancer refer to (p.497)? What is an allergy, allergen (p.501)? What are the 2 major forms of allergy (p.501)? What are the symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity & which antibodies are responsible for these symptoms (p.501-502)? How do these antibodies produce the allergic response (p.502)? What is the role of mast cells, histamine, prostaglandins (p.502)? What are some allergens that provoke immediate hypersensitivity (p.502)? What is delayed hypersensitivity & what causes it (p.502-503)? What is contact dermatitis & what causes it (p.503)?
Ch. 18 - What are the organs of the GI tract (p.599)? What are the accessory digestive organs (p.599)? What is the esophagus & how is food pushed from one end of it to the other (p.601-602)? What is heartburn (p.602)? What are the 4 functions of the stomach (p.602)? What are the 6 types of cells that make up the gastric glands & what does each secrete (p.603)? What is gastric juice (p.603)? Where is intrinsic factor secreted & what is the function of intrinsic factor (p.603)? What are the 3 functions of the strong acidity of the stomach (p.604)? To what degree are the following digested in the stomach: proteins, carbohydrates, fats (p.605)? What enzyme is responsible for the partial digestion of protein (p.605)? What is a peptic ulcer & what causes such ulcers (p.605)? What portion of the GI tract is referred to as the small intestine & why is it called "small" (p.606-607)? Why can absorption occur at a rapid rate in the small intestine (p.607)? What are plicae circulares (p.607)? What is a villus (p.607)? What happens to absorbed monosaccharides & amino acids (p.607)? What is the central lacteal & what substance(s) enter(s) the central lacteals (p.607)? Where are the intestinal enzymes located (p.608)? What is intestinal motility & what is it primarily due to (p.608-609)? What is segmentation & what is its function (p.608-609; Figure 18.14, p.609)? KNOW that the large intestine has little or no digestive function (p.611). What is absorbed in the large intestine (p.611)? What is the appendix & what is appendicitis (p.610)? What are the major functional categories of liver function (p.615; Table 18.3). What is the function of the gall bladder (p.617)? What is contained in pancreatic juice (p.618)? KNOW that the pancreas produces enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, & triglycerides (fats) (p.618). In what form are most carbohydrates ingested (p.626)? Where does most starch digestion occur (p.626)? KNOW that monosaccharides (glucose) are(is) absorbed by active transport & then secreted by the epithelial cells into capillaries within the villi (p.626). Where does protein digestion begin (p.626)? Where does most protein digestion occur (p.626)? KNOW that amino acids are absorbed by active transport through the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa & secreted into blood capillaries (p.627). KNOW that most fats are digested in the duodenum (1st section of the small intestine). ALSO KNOW: Fats are emulsified by bile released into the small intestine from the gall bladder (see p.627 for definition of emulsification) & this results in the formation of small fat droplets. Fat digestion then occurs through the action of a pancreatic enzyme (lipase). This enzyme produces free fatty acids plus monoglycerides (a glycerol molecule plus one fatty acid instead of the 3 found in a triglyceride) which then move by simple diffusion into the intestinal epithelial cells. The fatty acids & monoglycerides are then used to resynthesize triglycerides. The triglycerides combine with protein to form small particles called chylomicrons which are secreted into the lacteal (lymph vessel within a villus). Absorbed lipids pass through the lymph system & eventually empty into the circulatory system (p.627-628).
Text (Fox, 9th ed.):
Ch. 13 - What is anemia (p.385)? What is iron-deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, aplastic anemia (p.385)? What is polycythemia, leukocytosis, leukemia (p.385)?
Ch. 15 - What is fever & what causes it (p.468)? Why may fevers be beneficial (p.468)? How many different types of antibodies can an individual's immune system produce & what does this tremendous antibody diversity usually ensure (p.476)? What is AIDS & what virus causes it (p.479)? How does this virus cause an "immune deficiency" (p.479)? What does the current treatment for AIDS include (p.479)? What is oncology (p.489)? What are benign tumors, malignant tumors (p.489)? What is metastasis (p.489)? What does the term cancer refer to (p.489)? What is an allergy, allergen (p.492)? What are the 2 major forms of allergy (p.492)? What are the symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity & which antibodies are responsible for these symptoms (p.492-493)? How do these antibodies produce the allergic response (p.492-493)? What is the role of mast cells, histamine, prostaglandins (p.492-493)? What are some allergens that provoke immediate hypersensitivity (p.493)? What is delayed hypersensitivity & what causes it (p.493-494)? What is contact dermatitis & what causes it (p.494)?
Ch. 18 - What are the organs of the GI tract (p.587)? What are the accessory digestive organs (p.587-588)? What is the esophagus & how is food pushed from one end of it to the other (p.590)? What is heartburn (p.590)? What are the 4 functions of the stomach (p.590)? What are the 6 types of cells that make up the gastric glands & what does each secrete (p.592)? What is gastric juice (p.592)? Where is intrinsic factor secreted & what is the function of intrinsic factor (p.592)? What are the 3 functions of the strong acidity of the stomach (p.593)? To what degree are the following digested in the stomach: proteins, carbohydrates, fats (p.593)? What enzyme is responsible for the partial digestion of protein (p.593)? What is a peptic ulcer & what causes such ulcers (p.594)? What portion of the GI tract is referred to as the small intestine & why is it called "small" (p.594)? Why can absorption occur at a rapid rate in the small intestine (p.594)? What are plicae circulares (p.594)? What is a villus (p.594-595)? What happens to absorbed monosaccharides & amino acids (p.595)? What is the central lacteal & what substance(s) enter(s) the central lacteals (p.595)? Where are the intestinal enzymes located (p.596)? What is intestinal motility & what is it primarily due to (p.596)? What is segmentation & what is its function (p.597; Figure 18.14, p.597)? KNOW that the large intestine has little or no digestive function (p.598). What is absorbed in the large intestine (p.598)? What is the appendix & what is appendicitis (p.598)? What are the major functional categories of liver function (p.603; Table 18.3). What is the function of the gall bladder (p.606)? What is contained in pancreatic juice (p.608)? KNOW that the pancreas produces enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, & triglycerides (fats) (p.608). In what form are most carbohydrates ingested (p.614)? Where does most starch digestion occur (p.615)? KNOW that monosaccharides (glucose) are(is) absorbed by active transport & then secreted by the epithelial cells into capillaries within the villi (p.615). Where does protein digestion begin (p.615)? Where does most protein digestion occur (p.615)? KNOW that amino acids are absorbed by active transport through the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa & secreted into blood capillaries (p.615). KNOW that most fats are digested in the duodenum (1st section of the small intestine). ALSO KNOW: Fats are emulsified by bile released into the small intestine from the gall bladder (see p.616 for definition of emulsification) & this results in the formation of small fat droplets. Fat digestion then occurs through the action of a pancreatic enzyme (lipase). This enzyme produces free fatty acids plus monoglycerides (a glycerol molecule plus one fatty acid instead of the 3 found in a triglyceride) which then move by simple diffusion into the intestinal epithelial cells. The fatty acids & monoglycerides are then used to resynthesize triglycerides. The triglycerides combine with protein to form small particles called chylomicrons which are secreted into the lacteal (lymph vessel within a villus). Absorbed lipids pass through the lymph system & eventually empty into the circulatory system (p.616-618).