Lecture

What is skeletal muscle, striated muscle, smooth muscle, involuntary muscle, cardiac muscle? What is somatic muscle, visceral muscle? What is axial muscle, appendicular muscle, branchiomeric muscle? What is a tendon? What is fascia? What is a muscle's origin, insertion? What characteristics are used in naming muscles? What are the most reliable criteria for determining muscle homologies? Are muscle names a good indicator of possible homology? Why or why not?

What is metamerism? Which groups exhibit metamerism? What obscures metamerism in higher vertebrates? What are myosepta, myomeres? What are the epaxial muscles, hypaxial muscles? What is the linea alba? What are the major differences between the epaxials of fish & tetrapods? What are the major differences between the hypaxials of fish & tetrapods? What are the 3 layers of muscle that make up the hypaxials of tetrapods? What are the 3 "long" bundles of epaxial muscles found in tetrapods? What are the intervertebrals? Are the hypaxials of tetrapods metameric? If so, what is the evidence? What are the general functions of the epaxials of tetrapods? What are the general functions of the hypaxials of tetrapods? What are the functions of the hypobranchials of fish, tetrapods?

What are the extrinsic appendicular muscles, intrinsic appendicular muscles? What are the major differences between the appendicular muscles of fish & tetrapods? What is(are) the reason(s) for such differences? Where do the dorsal extrinsic appendicular muscles of tetrapods originate, insert? Where do the ventral extrinsic appendicular muscles originate, insert? Why is the musculature of the anterior limb of tetrapods generally more developed than the musculature of the posterior limb? Why are certain appendicular muscles referred to as "secondary" appendicular muscles? Why are some referred to as "primary" appendicular muscles? Very generally, what are the major differences between the appendicular muscles of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals?

What are the branchiomeric muscles? What is(are) the function(s) of the muscles of the mandibular arch of fish, tetrapods? Know that the adductor mandibulae & intermandibularis are mandibular arch muscles. What is the function of the hyoid arch muscles of fish, tetrapods? What is the function of the muscles of arches III - VII in cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, tetrapods?

What are the extrinsic integumentary muscles, intrinsic integumentary muscles? Where do these muscles originate, insert? Which groups of vertebrates possess these muscles? What is the function of integumentary muscles? What are electric organs? What is an electroplax? What are the various functions of electric organs?
 

Text - Kardong, 2nd edition

Ch. 10

What are electric organs & how many species of fish have such organs (p.346)? What are the various functions of electric organs (p.346)? What is the function of somatic muscles, visceral muscles (p.346)? Know the material in Box Essay 10.1 - 'Venom Injection' (p.349). What are tendons (p.349)? What functions do tendons serve (p.349)? Know the material in the section 'Color' (p.351). How does the site of insertion influence a muscle's mechanical properties (p.358; Figure 10.14, p.359)? What are synergists, antagonists (p.362)? What 2 muscles are synergists in the action of flexing the forearm (p.362)? What 2 muscles are antagonists on the upper arm (p.362)? What is a muscle's origin, insertion (p.362)? What is a muscle's head, slip (p.362)? What are: flexors, extensors, adductors, abductors, levators, depressors, protractors, retractors, rotators, supinators, pronators, constrictors or sphincters, dilators (p.362)? What criteria can be used to determine muscle homologies (p.362-363)?  What are myomeres, myosepta (p.366)? What is the primary function of the axial musculature of fishes (p.366)? Why is the tail important in generating swimming forces (p.366)? What are the respective functions of the dorsal & ventral appendicular muscles of fishes (p.368-370)? Know the material in Box Essay 10.3 - 'Careful Turns, Fast Starts, and Cruising in Open Waters' (p.369). Why are the dorsal & ventral appendicular muscles more prominent in tetrapods (p.370)? What is the 'muscular sling' of tetrapods & what muscles make up this 'sling' (p.370; Fig. 10.28, p.371)? Know the homologies of the following salamander muscles: cucullaris, levatores arcuum, latissimus dorsi, triceps, pectoralis, supracoracoideus,coracobrachialis, ilioextensorius, iliotibialis, tibialis anterior, adductor femoris (p.372). Why doesn't the tetrapod hip have a muscular sling (p.373)? Know the material in the section "Specializations Among Tetrapods' (p.374-377; Figure 10.36, p.379). In fishes, what is the function of the branchial arches together with their branchiomeric muscles (p.378)? What is the largest of the jaw muscles & what is its function (p.378)? What are the jaw-closing muscles of mammals (p.379)?
 

Text - Kardong, 3rd edition

Ch. 10

What are electric organs & how many species of fish have such organs (p.359)? What are the various functions of electric organs (p.359)? What is the function of somatic muscles, visceral muscles (p.359)? Know the material in Box Essay 10.1 - 'Venom Injection' (p.362). What are tendons (p.363)? What functions do tendons serve (p.363)? Know the material in the section 'Color' (p.364). How does the site of insertion influence a muscle's mechanical properties (p.372; Figure 10.14, p.372-373)? What are synergists, antagonists (p.374)? What 2 muscles are synergists in the action of flexing the forearm (p.374)? What 2 muscles are antagonists on the upper arm (p.374)? What is a muscle's origin, insertion (p.374)? What is a muscle's head, slip (p.374)? What are: flexors, extensors, adductors, abductors, levators, depressors, protractors, retractors, rotators, supinators, pronators, constrictors or sphincters, dilators (p.374-376)? What criteria can be used to determine muscle homologies (p.376-377)?  What are myomeres, myosepta (p.380)? What is the primary function of the axial musculature of fishes (p.380)? Why is the tail important in generating swimming forces (p.380)? What are the respective functions of the dorsal & ventral appendicular muscles of fishes (p.382)? Why are the dorsal & ventral appendicular muscles more prominent in tetrapods (p.383)? What is the 'muscular sling' of tetrapods & what muscles make up this 'sling' (p.383; Fig. 10.28, p.383)? Know the material in Box Essay 10.3 - 'Careful Turns, Fast Starts, and Cruising in Open Waters' (p.384). Know the homologies of the following salamander muscles: cucullaris, levatores arcuum, latissimus dorsi, triceps, pectoralis, supracoracoideus,coracobrachialis, ilioextensorius, iliotibialis, tibialis anterior, adductor femoris (p.386). Why doesn't the tetrapod hip have a muscular sling (p.387)? Know the material in the section "Specializations Among Tetrapods' (p.388-390; Figure 10.36, p.393). In fishes, what is the function of the branchial arches together with their branchiomeric muscles (p.391)? What is the largest of the jaw muscles & what is its function (p.392)? What are the jaw-closing muscles of mammals (p.393)?

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