Lecture

What are the 3 divisions of the embryonic vertebrate digestive tract? What happens to each of these as development proceeds? How & why is the oral cavity of mammals specialized? What is a primary palate, secondary palate? How is it known that vertebrate teeth are derived from the "dermal armor" of early vertebrates? What are the main constituents of teeth? In which groups of vertebrates are found species without teeth? What is the relative abundance & distribution of teeth in fish, early tetrapods, crocodilians, toothed birds, mammals? What is the general trend among vertebrates in terms of numbers of teeth, distribution of teeth within the oral cavity, & degree of permanence? What are the 2 sets of teeth found in mammals? What is homodont dentition & which groups exhibit such dentition? What is heterodont dentition & which groups exhibit such dentition? What are the various types of teeth found in groups that exhibit heterodont dentition & what is the general function of each type of tooth?

What is the primary tongue & which groups possess such a tongue? What is the glandular field, lateral lingual swelling? Characterize the tongues of amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals. How "mobile" is the tongue of turtles, crocodilians, whales, snakes, lizards, birds, mammals? What is the frenulum? What are the various functions of vertebrate tongues? What types of secretions are produced by oral glands & what are the functions of those secretions?

What is the pharynx? What is the glottis, epiglottis? Which groups possess an epiglottis & what is its function? What is the function of the esophagus? What is the crop & which groups have such a structure? What is the function of the crop? What is "pigeon milk" & how is it formed?

What is(are) the function(s) of the vertebrate stomach? Characterize the stomach of cyclostomes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals. What are the components & functions of the avian stomach? What are the components & functions of the ruminant stomach? What is(are) the function(s) of the vertebrate intestine? Characterize the intestine of fish, tetrapods. Which groups have a spiral valve & what is its function? What is the duodenum, jejunum, ileum? What is(are) the role(s) of the liver, gall bladder, & pancreas in digestion? Which groups have a large intestine? What is the colon, rectum? What is a cecum & what is the function of such a structure? Which groups have ceca associated with their digestive tracts & where are ceca located? Which groups have a cloaca & what is its function?

What is external respiration, internal respiration? What are the main organs for external respiration in adult vertebrates? Characterize the gills of cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, agnathans. What is a demibranch, interbranchial septum, gill raker, holobranch? How does water move through the gills of cartilaginous fish, bony fish, agnathans? What is the operculum & what is its function? What are the 3 types of larval gills & which groups have such gills? How does the swim bladder develop? Which groups have a swim bladder? Which groups do not? What is the pneumatic duct? What is the physostomous condition, physoclistous condition? What is the principal role of the swim bladder? How is the amount of air in the swim bladder adjusted? What is the red gland? What are 3 other functions of swim bladders? What are the Weberian ossicles?

Characterize the larynx of tetrapods below mammals, mammals. Which groups have vocal cords? What is the epiglottis? What is the function of the trachea? What are cartilaginous rings & what is their function? What are bronchi? Which groups have a syrinx? Where is the syrinx located & what is its function? Characterize the lungs of amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals. Which groups have air sacs & what is(are) the function(s) of air sacs? How does air move through the avian respiratory system? What is the advantage of this type of air flow? How does air move through the mammalian respiratory system? What is the role of the diaphragm in mammalian respiration?

Text - Kardong - 2nd edition

Chapter 13 - Digestion

    What is a bolus (p.471)? What is peristalsis (p.471)? What is chyme, digesta (p.471)? What is the buccal cavity (p.472)? What is the GI tract (p.472)? What are cheek pouches & which groups have them (p.472)? What is the hard palate, soft palate (p.473)? What are the functions of teeth (p.474)? What three hard tissues compose the tooth (p.475)? What is the 'role' of each of these substances (p.475)? Know the material in Box Essay 13.1 - The New Mouth (p.476-477). What is the advantage of recurved teeth & which vertebrates have such teeth (p.480-481)? What are the four types of teeth found in mammals & what is the function of each type (p.482)? What are carnassials, which mammals have them, & what is their function (p.482)? What is lingual feeding & which groups exhibit such feeding behavior (p.484)? What do woodpeckers use their tongue for (p.4841; Fig. 13-18, p.484)? What is intraoral transport (p.484)? In adult vertebrates, what is the function of the pharynx (p.485)? Know the material in Box Essay 13.3 - Saber-tooth "Cats" (p.485). What is duglutition (p.487)? What is the glottis (p.487)? What does the esophagus connect (p.488)? Which animals have stomachs that serve as storage compartments (p.488)? What is the predominate function of the stomach (p.489)? What is gastric juice (p.489)? How is the mucosa of the intestines distinctive (p.490)? What are the three successive parts of the small intestine (in some vertebrates)(p.490)? Where is the ileocolic valve located & what is its function (p.490)? What are the functions of the intestine (p.492)? What is the cloaca (p.492)? Which groups have no cloaca (p.492)? What are some specializations of the alimentary canal that prolong passage of digesta (p.492-495; Fig. 13.27, p.493)? What is the rectal gland & which groups have such a gland (p.495)? What are pyloric ceca, which group has them, & what is their function (p.495)? What are the four chambers of the ruminant stomach (p.497)? Know the material in Box Essay 13.5 - The "Spare" Appendix (p.497). What are the functions of the liver (p.499)? What is the 'exocrine' product of the liver & what is its function (p.501)? Where is bile stored in most vertebrates (p.501)? What is pancreatic juice & where does it enter the digestive tract (p.501)?
    Where does absorption of food begin & what is absorbed (p.502)? Where are the end products of digestion usually formed and absorbed (p.502)? What does the appearance of a long, distinct large intestine correlate with (p.502)? Why does the large intestine retain digesta (p.502)? What is coprophagy & which groups exhibit such behavior (p.502)?
    What is the purpose of mechanical manipulation of food (p.503)? What is mastication & what group is this characteristic of (p.503)? How are different types of foods chewed (p.503-505)? Know the material in Box Essay 13.6 - A Gift Horse in the Mouth (p.504). Which vertebrates are able to produce cellulases (p.505)? What microorganisms break down cellulose in the digestive tracts of host vertebrates (p.505)? What is fermentation (p.505)? What if foregut fermentation (p.505)? In which groups does foregut fermentation occur (p.505)? What is hindgut fermentation & which groups are examples of hindgut fermenters (p.506-507)?
 

Chapter 11 - The Respiratory System

    What is respiration, external respiration, internal respiration (p.386)? What is ventilation, perfusion (p.387)? What are internal gills & external gills & which groups have each type (p.388)? What is a gas bladder, pneumatic duct (p.388)? What is a swim bladder, respiratory gas bladder (p.388)? How do gas bladders differ from lungs (p.389)? How are gas bladders & lungs similar (p.389)? What is cutaneous respiration & which groups rely on this type of respiration (p.390)? Know the material in Figures 11.7 & 11.8 (p.392). What is ram ventilation & which pelagic fishes exhibit such ventilation (p.393)? Know the three principal types of pumps and be able to describe how each works (p.393-395). How does ventilation occur in elasmobranchs (p.395; Figure 11.15, p.397)? What is the spiracle & what is its function (p.397-398)? What are the functions of the operculum (p.398)? What functions do air-filled sacs serve in fishes (p.399)? Why might a fish require a hydrostatic organ (p.399)? Which groups have & which do not have gas bladders (p.399)? What is a physostomous swim bladder, physoclistous swim bladder (p.399; Figure 11.21, p.401)? What are gas glands (p.399)? Know the material in Box Essay 11.1 - Mouth in the Sand (p.400). What is an oval (p.400)? What are some secondary functions of swim bladders (p.400)? How is the tendency of elasmobranchs to sink addressed (p.401)?
    What characteristics of the skin of amphibians permit easy diffusion of gases (p.401)? What is a septal surface (p.401)? What are faveoli & how do they differ from mammalian alveoli (p.401)? Know the material in Box Essay 11.2 - Blowholes and Breathing (p.402). What are the four stages of lung ventilation in frogs (p.404; Figure 11.25, p.404)? Be able to describe the aspiration pump of reptiles (p.405-407). Know the material in Box Essay 11.3 - Frog Songs (p.405). Be able to describe the process of ventilation in mammals (p.407-409). Know the material in the section 'Gas Exchange' (p.409). How does the respiratory system of birds differ from that of mammals (p.409-410)? What is(are) the likely function(s) of avian air sacs (p.410-411; Figure 11.36, p.412)? How are water-breathing fishes able to maintain sufficient delivery of oxygen to their tissues (p.414)? Why are air-breathing organs, such as lungs, usually recessed in cavities (p.415)? What conditions might have favored the movement to land (p.419)?

Text - Kardong - 3rd edition

Chapter 13 - Digestion

    What is a bolus (p.488)? What is peristalsis (p.488)? What is chyme, digesta (p.488)? What is the buccal cavity (p.489)? What is the GI tract (p.489)? What are cheek pouches & which groups have them (p.489-490)? What is the hard palate, soft palate (p.490-491)? What are the functions of teeth (p.491)? What three hard tissues compose the tooth (p.492)? What is the 'role' of each of these substances (p.491)? Know the material in Box Essay 13.1 - The New Mouth (p.494-495). What is the advantage of 'reverse-curved teeth' & which vertebrates have such teeth (p.498)? What are the four types of teeth found in mammals & what is the function of each type (p.499)? What are carnassials, which mammals have them, & what is their function (p.500)? What is lingual feeding & which groups exhibit such feeding behavior (p.501)? What do woodpeckers use their tongue for (p.501; Fig. 13-18, p.502)? What is intraoral transport (p.501)? In adult vertebrates, what is the function of the pharynx (p.502)? Know the material in Box Essay 13.3 - Saber-tooth "Cats" (p.503). What is duglutition (p.504)? What is the glottis (p.504)? What does the esophagus connect (p.506)? Which animals have stomachs that serve as storage compartments (p.507)? What is the predominate function of the stomach (p.507)? What is gastric juice (p.507)? How is the mucosa of the intestines distinctive (p.508)? What are the three successive parts of the small intestine (in some vertebrates)(p.508)? Where is the ileocolic valve located & what is its function (p.508)? What are the functions of the intestine (p.510)? What is the cloaca (p.510)? Which groups have no cloaca (p.510)? What are some specializations of the alimentary canal that prolong passage of digesta (p.510; Fig. 13.27, p.510)? What is the rectal gland & which groups have such a gland (p.512)? What are pyloric ceca, which group has them, & what is their function (p.512)? What are the four chambers of the ruminant stomach (p.514)? Know the material in Box Essay 13.5 - The "Spare" Appendix (p.515). What are the functions of the liver (p.517)? What is the 'exocrine' product of the liver & what is its function (p.517)? Where is bile stored in most vertebrates (p.517)? What is pancreatic juice & where does it enter the digestive tract (p.519)?
    Where does absorption of food begin & what is absorbed (p.519)? Where are the end products of digestion usually formed and absorbed (p.519)? What does the appearance of a long, distinct large intestine correlate with (p.520)? Why does the large intestine retain digesta (p.520)? What is coprophagy & which groups exhibit such behavior (p.520)?
    What is the purpose of mechanical manipulation of food (p.520)? What is mastication & what group is this characteristic of (p.520)? How are different types of foods chewed (p.520-521)? Know the material in Box Essay 13.6 - A Gift Horse in the Mouth (p.522). Which vertebrates are able to produce cellulases (p.523)? What microorganisms break down cellulose in the digestive tracts of host vertebrates (p.523)? What is fermentation (p.523)? What if foregut fermentation (p.523)? In which groups does foregut fermentation occur (p.524-525)? What is hindgut fermentation & which groups are examples of hindgut fermenters (p.525)?
 

Chapter 11 - The Respiratory System

    What is respiration, external respiration, internal respiration (p.400-401)? What is ventilation, perfusion (p.401)? What are internal gills & external gills & which groups have each type (p.402)? What is a gas bladder, pneumatic duct (p.402)? What is a swim bladder, respiratory gas bladder (p.403)? How do gas bladders differ from lungs (p.403)? How are gas bladders & lungs similar (p.403)? What is cutaneous respiration & which groups rely on this type of respiration (p.403)? Know the material in Figures 11.7 & 11.8 (p.406). What is ram ventilation & which pelagic fishes exhibit such ventilation (p.407)? Know the three principal types of pumps and be able to describe how each works (p.407-410). How does ventilation occur in elasmobranchs (p.412; Figure 11.18, p.412)? What is the spiracle & what is its function (p.412-413)? What are the functions of the operculum (p.413)? What functions do air-filled sacs serve in fishes (p.414)? Why might a fish require a hydrostatic organ (p.414)? Which groups have & which do not have gas bladders (p.414)? What is a physostomous swim bladder, physoclistous swim bladder (p.414; Figure 11.22, p.415)? What are gas glands (p.414)? Know the material in Box Essay 11.1 - Mouth in the Sand (p.415). What is an oval (p.416)? What are some secondary functions of swim bladders (p.416)? How is the tendency of elasmobranchs to sink addressed (p.416)?
    What characteristics of the skin of amphibians permit easy diffusion of gases (p.416)? What is a septal surface (p.416)? What are faveoli & how do they differ from mammalian alveoli (p.416)? Know the material in Box Essay 11.2 - Blowholes and Breathing (p.417). What are the four stages of lung ventilation in frogs (p.419; Figure 11.25, p.419)? Be able to describe the aspiration pump of reptiles (p.420-422). Know the material in Box Essay 11.3 - Frog Songs (p.420). Be able to describe the process of ventilation in mammals (p.422-424). Know the material in the section 'Gas Exchange' (p.424). How does the respiratory system of birds differ from that of mammals (p.424-425)? What is(are) the likely function(s) of avian air sacs (p.425-426; Figure 11.36, p.427)? How are water-breathing fishes able to maintain sufficient delivery of oxygen to their tissues (p.429)? Why are air-breathing organs, such as lungs, usually recessed in cavities (p.430)? What conditions might have favored the movement to land (p.434)?

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