Lecture

    What are the subdivisions of the nervous system? What are the subdivisions of the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system? What is an axon, dendrite, cell body? What is a multipolar neuron, unipolar neuron, bipolar neuron? Where does the spinal cord begin, end? What is gray matter, white matter? How do the spinal nerves of present-day vertebrates differ from those of the earliest vertebrates? What is the dorsal root ganglion? Which root is primarily sensory, motor? What is the dorsal ramus, ventral ramus? What do each of these rami innervate? What are the 4 types of fibers in a typical spinal nerve & what does each innervate?
    What are the 3 primary sections of the anterior end of the embryonic central nervous system & what sections does each give rise to? What areas of the vertebrate brain are in the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon? In terms of brain development among vertebrtes, what is the overall phylogenetic trend & what factors have contributed to this trend? What are the major functions of the medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum, tectum? What are the functions of the epiphysis (pineal gland)? What are the functions of the hypothalamus, thalamus? What are the 2 regions of the cerebrum & what are the primary divisions of those regions? What do the medial, dorsal, & lateral pallia receive? Be able to characterize the pallia of agnathans, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals. Specifically, what is the dorsal ventricular ridge, wulst, cerebral cortex & which groups have such structures? What are the functions of the septum, striatum?
    Which groups have 10 cranial nerves, 12 cranial nerves? Know the 12 cranial nerves & their primary functions. What is the function of sensory receptors? Which groups have neuromast organs & what do these organs detect? What is a ‘lateral line?’ Be able to describe the structure of a neuromast organ & how such organs translate a stimulus into a nervous impulse. Which vertebrates have a membranous labyrinth & where is it located? What does the labyrinth usually consist of? Which vertebrates have 1 semicircular canal, 2 semicircular canals, 3 semicircular canals? What are the functions of the labyrinth? How does the labyrinth function in dynamic equilibrium, static equilibrium? What is an ampulla, crista, macula? What are otoconia? What is a lagena, cochlea, organ of corti? Be able to describe the outer ear & middle ear of amphibians, most reptiles, crocodilians, birds, & mammals. What is the tympanic membrane, columella or stapes? What are the 3 middle ear bones of mammals? Be able to describe how pressure or sound waves become sound.
    What do pit receptors detect? What are labial pits & which snakes have them? What are loreal pits, which snakes have them, & how sensitive are these pits to temperature changes? What are the two types of photoreceptors? Be able to describe the role of each of the following in vision: retina, choroid, sclera, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, rods, cones, fovea? What is accommodation & how does it occur in lampreys, teleosts, amphibians & cartilaginous fish, snakes, most reptiles, birds & mammals? What are the two types of chemoreceptors? Where are the receptors for olfaction located? What types of cells are found in the olfactory epithelium & what is the function of each type of cell? Which groups have vomeronasal organs? What is the structure of vomeronasal organs in amphibians, reptiles, & mammal? Which mammals have well-developed vomeronasal organs? What is the function of vomeronasal organs? What do taste buds detect & what types of cells make up taste buds? What is the general distribution of taste buds in fish, bottom feeding or scavenging fish, tetrapods?
     What do cutaneous receptors detect? Where are proprioceptors located & what is their function? What are naked endings, which vertebrates have such nerve endings, & what is the function of such nerve endings? What are encapsulated endings & which groups have such endings? Which groups have Herbst corpuscles, end bulbs, Ruffini corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles? What do each of the following detect: Herbst corpuscles, end bulbs, Ruffini corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles? What are general visceral receptors & where are they located? What are some functions of general visceral receptors?
 

Text - Kardong, 2nd edition

Chapter 16 - The Nervous System

    What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system & what does each consist of (p.589)? What are the 2 types of cells within the nervous system (p.589)? What are the functions of neuroglial cells (p.589)? What are neurons specialized for (p.589)? What are the 2 types of processes found in neurons & what is the function of each (p.589-590)? What are unipolar neurons, bipolar neurons, multipolar neurons (p.590)? What is a nerve tract, a nerve (p.590)? What is a nucleus, a ganglion (p.590)? What are somatic nerves, visceral nerves (p.592)? What are afferent neurons, efferent neurons (p.592)? What is the autonomic nervous system (p.592)? Know the anatomy of spinal nerves (p.593; Figure 16.7, p.593). How are cranial nerves named & numbered (p.593)? Know the names of the 12 cranial nerves (I through XII) & the primary function of each (p.596-600). What are the 2 functional divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System & what is the primary function of each division (p.604-605)?
    What are interoceptors, proprioceptors, exteroceptors (p.609)? What are the 3 embryonic regions of the brain & what 3 regions of the adult brain do these embryonic regions give rise to (p.609)? What are the 2 regions of the vertebrate spinal cord & what is each region composed of (p.609-610)? In what 2 capacities does the spinal cord function (p.612)? What areas of the brain are included in the hindbrain, the midbrain, & the forebrain (p.616)? What does the brain stem include (p.616)? What factors contribute to the tendency of the forebrain to enlarge in various vertebrate groups (p.616-617)? What are the 3 major functions of the medulla oblongata (p.617-618)? Why is the pons important (p.618)? What are the 2 primary functions of the cerebellum (p.620)? What is the tectum & what type of information does the tectum receive (p.620)? What are the 4 regions of the diencephalon (p.622)? What are the functions of the pineal gland (p.622)? What are the functions of the hypothalamus (p.622)? What is the function of the thalamus (p.623)? What does the telencephalon, or cerebrum, include (p.623)? What is a major function of the telencephalon (p.623)? In what groups does the cerebral region enlarge & why has this enlargement occurred (p.623)? In which group has the cerebral cortex 'folded' & why has this occurred (p.624)? What are gyri, sulci (p.624)? What are the 2 regions of the cerebrum & what are the divisions of each (p.624)? Which vertebrates have a cerebrum based on this basic plan (p.624)? ***The material on pages 624 (beginning with the section entitled 'Pallium') through 628 will be covered in lecture. Feel free to read through this material in the text to supplement the lecture material.***
 

Chapter 17 - Sensory Organs

    What are sensory receptors & what do they 'translate' (p.631)? What is a transducer (p.632)? What do most sensory receptors translate (p.632)? What is a sensory organ (p.632)? What are: somatic sensory organs, visceral sensory organs, exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors (p.632)? What are general sensory organs, special sensory organs (p.632)? What are the 3 categories of general sensory receptors (p.632)? What is a free sensory receptor, what do they sense, & where are they located (p.632-633)? What are encapsulated sensory receptors, what do they respond to, & where are they located (p.633)? What is an associated sensory receptor (p.633)? Where are proprioceptors located & what do they monitor (p.633)?
    What are chemoreceptors (p.634)? What are the most familiar chemoreceptive senses in humans (p.634)? Why is the distinction between taste and smell misleading (p.634-635)? Why is the distinction between taste & smell even less useful in aquatic vertebrates (p.635)? How are chemoreceptors classified (p.635)? What are pheromones & what do they affect (p.635)? Where are the chemoreceptors involved in olfaction located (p.635)? What are nasal sacs, which groups have them, & how do they work (p.636)? What is an external naris, internal naris (or choana) (p.636)? What is a vomeronasal, or Jacobson's, organ & which groups have them (p.636)? Which groups have nasolabial grooves & what is the function of these grooves (p.636-637; Figure 17.11, p.639)? What happens to the nasal sac in reptiles & birds (p.637)? What are conchae, or turbinals (p.637)? What does the nasal chamber of mammals usually include (p.637)? Why is olfactory information important for fishes (p.637)? Why is sniffing important for terrestrial vertebrates (p.637; Figure 17.12, p.639)? Which groups have/do not have a vomeronasal organ (p.637-638)? What is the vomeronasal organ especially sensitive to (p.638)? How do snakes and lizards deliver chemicals to their vomeronasal organs (p.639-640)? What are the chemoreceptors of taste & where are they located (p.640)?
    What are photoreceptors sensitive to & what is the most obvious and best understood photoreceptor (p.641)? What is visual accommodation (p.641)? What are the 3 layers of the mammalian eye (p.641)? What is the sclera, cornea (p.641)? What is the function of the choroid (p.641)? Which vertebrates have a tapetum lucidum & what is its function (p.641)? What is the pupil (p.642)? What is the function of the iris (p.642)? What are rods & cones (p.642)? Which vertebrates have rods, cones (p.642)? What must happen for an image to be focused on the retina (p.645)? Why does the cornea do most of the focusing in terrestrial vertebrates (p.645)? What does the lens do in terrestrial vertebrates (p.645)? Why does the lens, rather than the cornea, do most of the focusing in aquatic vertebrates (p.645)? What is monocular vision & why is it common in prey animals (p.646)? What is binocular vision, stereoscopic vision (p.646)? What is the advantage of stereoscopic vision (p.646)?
    When is perception of infrared radiation especially useful (p.651)? Which vertebrates have infrared (or thermo-) receptors (p.651)? What do vampire bats detect using their thermoreceptors (p.651)? Which groups of snakes have the most discrete infrared receptors &, in both cases, what is the actual sensory receptor (p.651)? How sensitive are these receptors to infrared radiation (p.651-652)?
    What are mechanoreceptors (p.652)? What is a neuromast organ, cupula (p.653)? What is the fundamental component of all 3 types of mechanoreceptive systems (p.653)? Which vertebrates have lateral line systems, what do these systems consist of, & what are the sensory receptors of the lateral line system (p.653)? Where are neuromasts usually found & what do they respond to (p.654)? How do fish 'use' their lateral line systems (p.654)? What is the vestibular apparatus & what does it contain (p.654)? What do semicircular canals respond to (p.656)? What is the macula & what do maculae respond to (p.656)? What does the vestibular apparatus keep the central nervous system informed about (p.656)? What is the lagena, cochlea, organ of Corti (p.656-657)? Which vertebrates have an external ear (p.657)? What is the external auditory meatus (p.657)? What is a pinna & which vertebrates have pinna (p.657)? What does the irregular shape of the pinna help with (p.657)? What are the 3 parts of the middle ear (p.657)? Where is the tympanum located (p.657)? What was the first tetrapod middle ear ossicle to differentiate (p.657)? Which vertebrates have 3 middle ear bones & what are the 3 bones (p.657)? What are the sound receptors in fishes (p.657)? How does sound reach & stimulate the inner ear of fishes (p.659)? What are the critical ways in which the middle ear ossicles function (p.660)? What serves as the functional equivalent of pinna in owls (p.664)? Why are some owls able to pinpoint the source of sounds with increased precision (p.664; Figure 17.43, p.665)?
    What are electroreceptors & where are they predominantly concentrated (p.667)? Know the material in Box Essay 17.2 - Throwing Light on the Subject (p.668). In which fish can electroreceptors be found (p.669)? What are electroreceptors sensitive to (p.670)? In fish with abundant electroreceptors across their heads & especially concentrated around the mouth, what are these organs sensitive to (p.670; Figure 17.47, p.670)? What do sea turtles use to navigate (p.671)?
 

Text - Kardong, 3rd edition

Chapter 16 - The Nervous System

    What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system & what does each consist of (p.609)? What are the 2 types of cells within the nervous system (p.609)? What are the functions of neuroglial cells (p.609)? What are neurons specialized for (p.610)? What are the 2 types of processes found in neurons & what is the function of each (p.610)? What are unipolar neurons, bipolar neurons, multipolar neurons (p.610)? What is a nerve tract, a nerve (p.610)? What is a nucleus, a ganglion (p.610)? What are somatic nerves, visceral nerves (p.613)? What are afferent neurons, efferent neurons (p.613)? What is the autonomic nervous system (p.613)? Know the anatomy of spinal nerves (p.613; Figure 16.7, p.613). How are cranial nerves named & numbered (p.616)? Know the names of the 12 cranial nerves (I through XII) & the primary function of each (p.618-620). What are the 2 functional divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System & what is the primary function of each division (p.625)?
    What are interoceptors, proprioceptors, exteroceptors (p.630)? What are the 3 embryonic regions of the brain & what 3 regions of the adult brain do these embryonic regions give rise to (p.630)? What are the 2 regions of the vertebrate spinal cord & what is each region composed of (p.633)? In what 2 capacities does the spinal cord function (p.633)? What areas of the brain are included in the hindbrain, the midbrain, & the forebrain (p.635-636)? What does the brain stem include (p.636)? What factors contribute to the tendency of the forebrain to enlarge in various vertebrate groups (p.636)? What are the 3 major functions of the medulla oblongata (p.638)? Why is the pons important (p.638)? What are the 2 primary functions of the cerebellum (p.638-639)? What is the tectum & what type of information does the tectum receive (p.640)? What are the 4 regions of the diencephalon (p.642)? What are the functions of the pineal gland (p.642)? What are the functions of the hypothalamus (p.642)? What is the function of the thalamus (p.644)? What does the telencephalon, or cerebrum, include (p.644)? What is a major function of the telencephalon (p.644)? In what groups does the cerebral region enlarge & why has this enlargement occurred (p.645)? In which group has the cerebral cortex 'folded' & why has this occurred (p.645)? What are gyri, sulci (p.645)? What are the 2 regions of the cerebrum & what are the divisions of each (p.646)? Which vertebrates have a cerebrum based on this basic plan (p.646)? ***The material on pages 646 (beginning with the section entitled 'Pallium') through 651 will be covered in lecture. Feel free to read through this material in the text to supplement the lecture material.***
 

Chapter 17 - Sensory Organs

    What are sensory receptors & what do they 'translate' (p.654)? What is a transducer (p.655)? What do most sensory receptors translate (p.655)? What is a sensory organ (p.655)? What are: somatic sensory organs, visceral sensory organs, exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors (p.655)? What are general sensory organs, special sensory organs (p.655)? What are the 3 categories of general sensory receptors (p.655)? What is a free sensory receptor, what do they sense, & where are they located (p.655-656)? What are encapsulated sensory receptors, what do they respond to, & where are they located (p.656)? What is an associated sensory receptor (p.656)? Where are proprioceptors located & what do they monitor (p.656)?
    What are chemoreceptors (p.657)? What are the most familiar chemoreceptive senses in humans (p.657)? Why is the distinction between taste and smell misleading (p.657)? Why is the distinction between taste & smell even less useful in aquatic vertebrates (p.657-658)? How are chemoreceptors classified (p.658)? What are pheromones & what do they affect (p.658)? Where are the chemoreceptors involved in olfaction located (p.658)? What are nasal sacs, which groups have them, & how do they work (p.659)? What is an external naris, internal naris (or choana) (p.659-660)? What is a vomeronasal, or Jacobson's, organ & which groups have them (p.660)? Which groups have nasolabial grooves & what is the function of these grooves (p.660; Figure 17.11, p.662)? What happens to the nasal sac in reptiles & birds (p.660)? What are conchae, or turbinals (p.660)? What does the nasal chamber of mammals usually include (p.660)? Why is olfactory information important for fishes (p.660)? Why is sniffing important for terrestrial vertebrates (p.660; Figure 17.12, p.662)? Which groups have/do not have a vomeronasal organ (p.661)? What is the vomeronasal organ especially sensitive to (p.662)? How do snakes and lizards deliver chemicals to their vomeronasal organs (p.663)? What are the chemoreceptors of taste & where are they located (p.663)?
    What are photoreceptors sensitive to & what is the most obvious and best understood photoreceptor (p.664)? What is visual accommodation (p.664)? What are the 3 layers of the mammalian eye (p.664-665)? What is the sclera, cornea (p.664)? What is the function of the choroid (p.664)? Which vertebrates have a tapetum lucidum & what is its function (p.664-665)? What is the pupil (p.665)? What is the function of the iris (p.665)? What are rods & cones (p.665)? Which vertebrates have rods, cones (p.665)? What must happen for an image to be focused on the retina (p.668)? Why does the cornea do most of the focusing in terrestrial vertebrates (p.668)? What does the lens do in terrestrial vertebrates (p.668)? Why does the lens, rather than the cornea, do most of the focusing in aquatic vertebrates (p.668)? What is monocular vision & why is it common in prey animals (p.670)? What is binocular vision, stereoscopic vision (p.670)? What is the advantage of stereoscopic vision (p.670)?
    When is perception of infrared radiation especially useful (p.673)? Which vertebrates have infrared (or thermo-) receptors (p.673)? What do vampire bats detect using their thermoreceptors (p.673)? Which groups of snakes have the most discrete infrared receptors &, in both cases, what is the actual sensory receptor (p.673)? How sensitive are these receptors to infrared radiation (p.675)?
    What are mechanoreceptors (p.675)? What is a neuromast organ, cupula (p.676)? What is the fundamental component of all 3 types of mechanoreceptive systems (p.676-677)? Which vertebrates have lateral line systems, what do these systems consist of, & what are the sensory receptors of the lateral line system (p.677)? Where are neuromasts usually found & what do they respond to (p.677)? How do fish 'use' their lateral line systems (p.678)? What is the vestibular apparatus & what does it contain (p.678)? What do semicircular canals respond to (p.678)? What is the macula & what do maculae respond to (p.678)? What does the vestibular apparatus keep the central nervous system informed about (p.678-679)? What is the lagena, cochlea, organ of Corti (p.679)? Which vertebrates have an external ear (p.679)? What is the external auditory meatus (p.679)? What is a pinna & which vertebrates have pinna (p.679)? What does the irregular shape of the pinna help with (p.680)? What are the 3 parts of the middle ear (p.680)? Where is the tympanum located (p.680)? What was the first tetrapod middle ear ossicle to differentiate (p.680)? Which vertebrates have 3 middle ear bones & what are the 3 bones (p.682)? What are the sound receptors in fishes (p.683)? How does sound reach & stimulate the inner ear of fishes (p.683)? What are the critical ways in which the middle ear ossicles function (p.683-684)? What serves as the functional equivalent of pinna in owls (p.687)? Why are some owls able to pinpoint the source of sounds with increased precision (p.687; Figure 17.43, p.689)?
    What are electroreceptors & where are they predominantly concentrated (p.691)? In which fish can electroreceptors be found (p.691)? What are electroreceptors sensitive to (p.691)? Know the material in Box Essay 17.2 - Throwing Light on the Subject (p.692). In fish with abundant electroreceptors across their heads & especially concentrated around the mouth, what are these organs sensitive to (p.693; Figure 17.47, p.694)? What do sea turtles use to navigate (p.694)?

Back to BIO 342 syllabus