Physiology: Study of the way living things function
 
Anatomy: Study of internal and external structure

Homeostasis: Existence of a stable internal environment
 

       Negative Feedback: Perturbation triggers an automatic response that restores homeostasis, e.g. thermoregulation
 

        Positive Feedback: Perturbation produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus, e.g. Labor
 

Levels of Organization:   Atoms > Molecules > Organelles > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ System > Organism
 

Cells and their parts:

a. Surrounds cell, separates it from other cells & external environment (extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid)

         b. Made up of phospholipids and proteins making a phospholipid bilayer.

           c. Makes contact with other cells and selectively mediates passage of materials.

Cytoplasm:

                a. Substance inside the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

                b. Contains organelles

             c. Composed mostly of water.

             d. Site where chemical reactions occur
 

Nucleus:

                Nucleolus: Contains DNA & controls cellular activities

                Nuclear membrane: Surrounds the nucleus

Organelles:

                Ribosomes: Granular structures consisting of ribosomal proteins and RNA.  They can occur free in the cytoplasm or in conjunction with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).  The site of protein synthesis.
 

                Endoplasmic reticulum (ER):  Synthesizes proteins, stores synthesized molecules, transports material, and neutralizes drugs or toxins (smooth ER = no ribosomes; rough ER = outer surface contains fixed ribosomes).
 
 

                Golgi apparatus: Processes, sorts, and delivers proteins within the cell.
 

                Mitochondria: Cell's powerhouse, site of ATP production, provides energy for cell functions
 

                Lysosomes: Filled w/digestive enzymes, digest foreign substances & damaged organelles
 

                Peroxisomes: Smaller than, but similar to, lysosomes.  They contain enzymes involved in the metabolism of toxins such as hydrogen peroxide and alcohol.  Most abundant in the liver.
 

                Centrioles:  direct movement of DNA strands during cell division.
 

              Flagella and cilia: Projections to move the cell or to move fluids across cell surface
 

              Vacuoles: Membranous sacs that store & secrete various substances
 

              Cytoskeleton: Internal framework-gives cytoskeleton its strength & flexibility
 

Eukaryotic Cell Division: Mitosis

                Prophase: see p. 8 in lab manual
 

                Metaphase:
 

                Anaphase:
 

                Telophase:
 

                Cytokinesis: A cleavage appears around the equatorial plane of the cell and progresses inward separating the cytoplasm into two equal portions.
 
 

Types of Tissues (click here to see many tissue images):

•         Epithelial:  Many cells with little intercellular material and without blood vessels.  Attached to connective tissue; covers surfaces. Classified as simple (one layer thick) or stratified (two or more layers).
               1.squamous - flat cells
               2. Cuboidal or columnar-cube like
  
  
•         Connective:
                  Connective tissue proper:
  
  •  Loose connective - Between organs, found in mucous membranes
    • Adipose tissue - Fat storage
    • Dense - Found in tendons & ligaments
    • Elastic - Found in larynx, trachea, bronchioles, & large arteries
    • Reticular - forms stroma (3-D network that supports functional cells of organs) of the liver spleen, and lymph nodes
      
  • Cartilage - Firm jelly-like matrix

                        a. Hyaline - Most common, end of bones, respiratory tract, costal cartilage

b. Fibrocartilage - Durable & strong, between vertebrae & symphysis pubis

c. Elastic cartilage - Outer ear, parts of larynx

d. Bone

• Blood
  
   

• Muscle: Contraction, movement, support, & heat production

                1. Skeletal - On skeleton, maintain posture, maintain body temp.; striated, voluntary

                2. Cardiac - Heart, striated, involuntary

                3. Smooth - found in the walls of hollow internal structures, non-striated and involuntary

• Nervous: Receiving & conducting impulses
   
   

Useful links:

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells

Human Physiology: Cell Structure and Function

Back to BIO 378 Syllabus