Purpose and Objectives

This class is designed to assist middle school faculty in teaching civics requirements set out by the Kentucky Department of Education. The course will utilize research-based instructional methods covering social studies topics that students are assessed on at the 8th grade level. The course will include traditional graduate-level political science content in a framework that will translate into presentation to middle school students. Students should exit the class with an understanding of American politics and institutions.

Teaching Methods

This class will be taught primarily as a seminar. Students will participate in discussions of weekly readings, with emphasis on theoretical and research considerations of American politics. There will also be a paper. Additional work will include the preparation of lesson plans and activities. Instruction will include both classroom and online delivery.

Readings

The following books have been ordered for the class. There are also articles listed in the calendar on the day of the class that students need to obtain. Also, students should find and use a good, comprehensive introductory textbook on American politics for detailed information as needed.

Gerston, Larry N. 2002. Public Policymaking in a Democratic Society. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

Nivola, Pietro, and David H. Rosenbloom, eds. 1999. Classic Readings in American Politics, 3rd ed. New York: Worth Publishers.

The readings are listed in the calendar. Please do the reading before the class. Dates and material are subject to change at the discretion of the instructor. Changes will be announced in class. There may also be handouts in class that are required reading.
Paper Assignment

A major component of this class is a research paper. Each of you will choose a topic relevant to the class and present the findings in written. Topics will be chosen by the student and okayed by the instructors. The papers will attempt to develop a complete picture of the current state of thinking on the subject as determined from scholarly journals and books in the discipline. Material can be found in journals such as: American Political Science Review, American Journal of Political Science, Journal of Politics, Western Political Quarterly (now Political Research Quarterly) to name a few. Scholarly journals do NOT include Time, Newsweek, People, or other popular magazines.

Papers are required to meet academic standards for citation, grammar, spelling, and style in general. Papers will be typed, double spaced, with 1" margins, in type no greater than 12 point, and will be 12-15 pages in length; which does not include supporting pages, such as for appendices, tables, and references.

Projects

Students will participate in finding, creating, and evaluating activities related to the content of this course that would be appropriate for middle-school instruction. This will be accomplished through the development of a series of lesson plans based on the course readings and discussions. Students will be asked to develop these plans and then post them for review by their classmates. To facilitate the review process, students will be placed in groups and required to evaluate the plans of all group members based on what is appropriate for class use, and how the content meets the state requirements. The instructors will provide you with the College of Education's guide for lesson plan formation to use for these projects.

The final project is a unit plan that will organize and evaluate the many lesson plans and simulations. The Kentucky Department of Education's How to Develop a Standards-Based Unit of Study can be found as a link on the course Blackboard site, and should be used as a standard for developing your unit of study. In order to help you understand our grading criteria for this class, we have posted our "Philosophy of Grading" under the Course Documents section of Blackboard.

Grading

Final grades for the semester will be based on the following tests and assignments, and determined by the following point ranges:

Projects: 300 points (3@100) * A: 901 points or more
Research Paper: 400 points * B: 801 - 900 points
Unit Plan: 300 points * C: 701 - 800 points
-------------------------- * D: 601 - 700 points
Total Points: 1000 points * F: 600 points or less
Standard English usage (grammar, spelling, punctuation, etc.) will be considered in the grading of all assignments and tests.

The University has given the following values to grades: A (4.0); B (3.0); C (2.0); D (0.0); F (0.0).

Participation and Attendance

Much of the material covered in this class cannot be found in the books. It is therefore necessary that students attempt to attend classes regularly. Lecture material will be included on the exam. Also, in order to make the learning experience more interesting, participation in discussions is expected. Students are responsible for information and announcements made in class. Additionally, portions of the class will be conducted online through the Blackboard program. You must activate your EKU issued student e-mail account to access Blackboard. Call Academic Computing at 622-3000 for more information.

Withdrawals

The university policy on class withdrawals applies to this course. The last day to withdraw from this course is July 11, 2003.

Civility in Class

From time-to-time we will engage in discussions about public issues. Students are expected to exhibit civil behavior in these discussions and to allow for those with differing opinions to express themselves. Those who cannot rise to the occasion will be asked to withdraw from the class.

Special Needs

If you are registered with the Office of Services for Individuals with Disabilities, please make an appointment with the course instructor to discuss any academic accommodations you need. If you need academic accommodations and are not registered with the Office of Services for Individuals with Disabilities, please contact the office on the third floor of the Student Services Building, by email at disabilities@eku.edu or by telephone at (859) 622-2933 V/TDD. Upon individual request, this syllabus can be made available in alternative forms.

Academic Dishonesty

The University has established rules for academic dishonesty. These may be found in the student handbook. Dishonesty includes, but is not limited to, copying another person's work, as well as copying one's own work used for another purpose. If you are not sure of what you are turning in, then discuss the material with the instructor. Failure to uphold University standards may result in severe penalties.

Kentucky's Core Content for Assessment / Program of Studies for Kentucky's Schools

Government and Civics

ž The study of government and civics allows students to understand the nature of government and the unique characteristics of American democracy including its fundamental principles, structure, and role of citizens.
ž Academic Expectation 2.14: Students should understand the democratic principles of justice, equality, responsibility and freedom and apply them to real-life situations.
ž Academic Expectation 2.15: Students can accurately describe various forms of government and analyze issues that relate to the rights and responsibilities of citizens in a democracy.

People form governments to establish order, provide security, and accomplish common goals.

ž SS-M-1.1.1Governments may take different forms (e.g., constitutional, totalitarian, democratic, republic).
ž SS-M-1.1.2Democratic governments function to preserve and protect the rights (e.g., voting), liberty, and property of their citizens by making, enacting, and enforcing appropriate rules and laws (e.g., constitutions, laws, statutes).
ž SS-M-1.1.3The Constitution of the U.S. is a flexible document that changes (amendments) and is interpreted (judicial review) over time to meet the needs of its citizens.

The Constitution of the United States establishes a government of limited powers that are shared among different levels and branches.

ž SS-M-1.2.1The U.S. Constitution separates power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent the concentration of political power and to establish a system of checks and balances.
ž SS-M-1.2.2Federal (national) and state governments have both separate and shared powers.

All citizens of the United States have certain responsibilities as members of a democratic society.

ž SS-M-1.3.1The United States Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and state constitutions guarantee certain rights (e.g., freedom of movement and residence, freedom of religion, freedom of expression and association, personal privacy) for all citizens.

All citizens of the United States have certain responsibilities as members of a democratic society.

ž SS-M-1.3.2In order for the U.S. government to function as a democracy, citizens must assume responsibilities (e.g., performing community service, voting in elections) and duties (paying taxes, serving in the armed forces) for its functioning.

Calendar

June 24 -- Introduction

Required:

The Declaration of Independence.

June 26 -- Topic: The Founding

Required:

The Articles of Confederation

U.S. Constitution

Carey, George. 1978. "Separation of Powers and the Madisonian Model." American Political Science Review 72:151-164.

Gerston, ch. 1

Nivola / Rosenbloom, chs. 1-11

Recommended:

Dahl, Robert A. 1956. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

McDonald, Forrest. 1985. Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.

Roche, John P. 1961. "The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action." American Political Science Review 55:799-816.

Tocqueville, Alexis de. 1981. Democracy in America. New York: Modern Library.

West, Thomas G. 1997. Vindicating the Founders: Race, Sex, Class, and Justice in the Origins of America. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.

July 1, 3 -- Topic: The Legislature

Lesson Plan Assignment: Due Sunday, July 6; 6 p.m.; Blackboard Submission

Required:

Gerston, ch. 4

Gordon, Stacy B. 2001. "All Votes are not Created Equal: Campaign Contributions and Critical Votes." Journal of Politics 63(February): 249-269.

Nivola / Rosenbloom, chs. 23-27, 43, 46

Wawro, Gregory. 2001. "A Panel Probit Analysis of Campaign Contributions and Roll-Call Votes." American Journal of Political Science 45(July): 563-579.

Recommended:

Arnold, R. Douglas. 1990. The Logic of Congressional Action. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Bartels, Larry M. 1991. "Constituency Opinion and Congressional Policy Making: The Reagan Defense Buildup." American Political Science Review 85:457-474.

Brady, David, and Barbara Sinclair. 1984. "Building Majorities for Policy Changes in the House of Representatives." Journal of Politics 46:1033-1060.

Cain, Bruce E., John A. Ferejohn, and Morris P. Fiorina. 1984. "The Constituency Service Basis of the Personal Vote for United States Representatives and British Members of Parliament." American Political Science Review 78:110-25.

Denzau, Arthur, and Michael Munger. 1986. "Legislators and Interest Groups: How Unorganized Interests Get Represented." American Political Science Review 80:89-107.

Fenno, Richard F., Jr. 1977. "U.S. House Members in Their Constituencies: An Exploration." American Political Science Review 71:883-917.

Fenno, Richard. 1978. Home Style: House Members in Their Districts. Boston: Little, Brown.

Ferejohn, John. 1977. "On the Decline of Competition in Congressional Elections." American Political Science Review 71:166-176.

Fiorina, Morris. 1985. "The Case of the Vanishing Marginals: The Bureaucracy Did It." American Political Science Review 77:177-81.

Hall, Richard L., and Frank W. Wayman. 1990. "Buying Time: Moneyed Interests and the Mobilization of Bias in Congressional Committees." American Political Science Review 84:797-820.

Hill, Kim Quaile, and Patricia Hurley. 1999. "Dyadic Representation Reappraised." American Journal of Political Science 43: 109-137.

Jacobson, Gary C. 1987. "The Marginals Never Vanished: Incumbency and Competition in Elections to the U.S. House of Representatives, 1952-1982." American Journal of Political Science 31:126-141.

Jacobson, Gary C. 1989. "Strategic Politicians and the Dynamics of U.S. House Elections, 1946-1986." American Political Science Review 83:733-793.

Kiewiet, D. Roderick, and Mathew D. McCubbins. 1985. "Congressional Appropriations and the Electoral Connection." Journal of Politics 47:59-82.

Mayhew, David R. 1974. "The Case of the Vanishing Marginals." Polity 6:295-317.

Mayhew, David. 1974. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Miller, Warren E., and Donald E. Stokes. 1963. "Constituency Influence in Congress." American Political Science Review 57:45-57.

Pitkin, Hanna. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.

* Polsby, Nelson. 1968. "Institutionalization of the House of Representatives." American Political Science Review 63(March): 144-168.

Rohde, David. 1991. Parties and Leaders in the Post-Reform House. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Weisberg, Herbert. 1979. "Evaluating Theories of Congressional Roll-Call Behavior." American Journal of Political Science 22:554-577.

Wright, Gerald C., Jr., and Michael B. Berkman. 1986. "Candidates and Policy in United States Senate Elections." American Political Science Review 80:567-588.

Wilson, Woodrow. 1981 (1885). Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics. New York: Meridian Books.

July 8, 10 -- Topic: The Chief Executive

Lesson Plan Assignment: Due Sunday, July 13; 6 p.m.; Blackboard Submission

Required:

Bawn, Kathleen. 1995. "Political Control versus Expertise." American Political Science Review 89:62-73.

Fleisher, Richard, John R. Bond, Glen S. Krutz, and Stephen Hanna. 2000. "The Demise of the Two Presidencies." American Politics Quarterly 28 (January):3-25.

Gerston, ch. 5

Nivola / Rosenbloom, chs. 28-32; 33-34, 44

Recommended -- Presidency:

Allison, Graham. 1969. "Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis." American Political Science Review 63:689-718.

Barber, James David. 1992 (1972). Presidential Character: Predicting performance in the White House. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Edwards, George C., III. 1989. At the Margins: Presidential Leadership of Congress. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Hart, John. 1995. The Presidential Branch, 2nd ed. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers.

Hess, Stephen. 1988. Organizing the Presidency. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.

Kiewiet, D. Roderick and Mathew McCubbins. 1988. "Presidential Influence on Congressional Appropriations Decisions." American Journal of Political Science 32:713-736.

* Neustadt, Richard E. 1990. Presidential Power. New York: Free Press.

Schlesinger, Arthur M. 1973. The Imperial Presidency. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Sullivan, Terry. 1990. "Bargaining with the President." American Political Science Review 84:1167-1196.

Thach, Charles C., Jr. 1922. "The Creation of the Presidency, 1775-1789: A Study in Constitutional History." Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science 40/4:427-596.

Wildavsky, Aaron. 1969. "The Two Presidencies." In Wildavsky, ed., The Presidency. New York: Little Brown and Co.

Recommended -- Bureaucracy:

Downs, Anthony. 1967. Inside Bureaucracy. Boston: Little Brown.

* Lindblom, Charles. 1959. "The Science of Muddling Through." Public Administration Review 19: 79-88.

Moe, Terry. 1984. "The New Economics of Organizations." American Journal of Political Science 28:739-777.

* Wilson, James Q. 1967. "The Bureaucracy Problem." Public Interest 6:3-9.

Wilson, Woodrow. 1887. "The Study of Administration." Political Science Quarterly 2 (June) / 56 (December, 1941): 481-506.

Wilson, James Q. 1989. Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It. New York: Basic Books.

Wood, B. Dan and Rick Waterman. 1991. "The Dynamics of Political Control of the Bureaucracy." American Political Science Review 85:801-828

July 15, 17 -- Topic: The Courts

Required:

Carp, Robert A., and Ronald Stidham. 2001. Judicial Process in America, 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. Chapters 2, 3, 4 (on electronic reserve).

Nivola / Rosenbloom, chs. 35-42

Case study reading for July 17: TBA
Recommended:

Caldeira, Gregory A., and John R. Wright. 1988. "Organized Interests and Agenda Setting in the U.S. Supreme Court." American Political Science Review 82:1109-1127.

Casper, Jonathan D. 1976. "The Supreme Court and National Policy-Making." American Political Science Review 70:50-63.

Dahl, Robert A. 1958. "Decision-Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policy-Maker." Journal of Public Law 6:279-295.

Galanter, Marc. 1974. "Why the 'Haves' Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change." Law and Society Review 9:95-160.

George, Tracey E., and Lee Epstein. 1992. "On the Nature of Supreme Court Decision Making." American Political Science Review 86:323-337.

Gibson, James L. 1978. "Role Orientations, Attitudes and Decisions: An Interactive Model." American Political Science Review 72:911-924.

Mishler, William, and Reginald S. Sheehan. 1993. "The Supreme Court as a Countermajoritarian Institution? The Impact of Public Opinion on Supreme Court Decisions." American Political Science Review 87:87-101.

Segal, Jeffrey A. 1984. "Predicting Supreme Court Cases Probabilistically: The Search and Seizure Cases, 1962-1981." American Political Science Review 78:891-900.

Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth. 1993. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth. 1996. "The Influence of Stare Decisis on the Votes of United States Supreme Court Justices." American Journal of Political Science 40:971-1003.

Tate, C. Neal. 1981. "Personal Attribute Models of the Voting Behavior of U.S. Supreme Court Justices: Liberalism in Civil Liberties and Economic Decisions, 1946-1978." American Political Science Review 75:335-367.

July 22, 24 -- Topic: Elections, Public Opinion, and Representation

Lesson Plan Assignment: Due Sunday, July 27; 6 p.m.; Blackboard Submission

Required:

Bennett, Stephen Earl, and David Resnick. 1990. "The Implications of Nonvoting for Democracy in the United States." American Journal of Political Science 34:771-802.

Nivola / Rosenbloom, chs. 15, 16, 18

Page, Benjamin I., and Robert Y. Shapiro. 1983. "Effects of Public Opinion on Policy." American Political Science Review 77:175-90.

Recommended - Public Opinion:

Converse, Philip E. 1964. "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics." In David Apter, ed. Ideology and Discontent. New York: The Free Press. Pages 206-261.

Ginsberg, Benjamin, and Martin Shefter. 1990. Politics by Other Means. New York: Basic Books.

Page, Benjamin I., and Robert Y. Shapiro. 1987. "What Moves Public Opinion?" American Political Science Review 81:23-43.

Page, Benjamin I., and Robert Y. Shapiro. 1992. The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Stimson, James A. 1999. Public Opinion in America: Moods, Cycles, and Swings. Boulder, Co.: Westview.

Zaller, John R., and Stanley Feldman. 1992. "A Simple Theory of the Survey Response: Answering Questions versus Revealing Preferences." American Journal of Political Science 36:579-616.

Zaller, John. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Recommended - Elections:

* Aldrich, John, John Sullivan, and Eugene Borgida. 1989. "Foreign Affairs and Issue Voting: Do Presidential Candidates Waltz Before a Blind Audience?" American Political Science Review 83:123-141.

Ansolabehere, Stephen, Shanto Iyengar, Adam Simon, and Nicholas Valentino. 1994. "Does Attack Advertising Demobilize the Electorate." American Political Science Review 88: 829-838.
Berelson, Bernard R., Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Conover, Pamela Johnston, and Stanley Feldman. 1981. "The Origins and Meaning of Liberal-Conservative Self-Identifications." American Journal of Political Science 25:617-645.

Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers.

Fiorina, Morris P. 1977. "An Outline for a Model of Party Choice." American Journal of Political Science 21:601-625.

Jacoby, William G. 1988. "The Impact of Party Identification on Issue Attitudes." American Journal of Political Science 32:643-661.

Lodge, Milton, Marco R. Steenbergen, and Sawn Brau. 1995. "The Responsive Voter: Campaign Information and the Dynamics of Candidate Evaluation." American Political Science Review 89(2): 309-326.

MacKuen, Michael B., Robert S. Erikson, and James A. Stimson. 1992. "Peasants or Bankers? The American Electorate and the U.S. Economy." American Political Science Review 86:598-611.

Markus, Gregory, and Philip Converse. 1979. "A Dynamic Simultaneous Equation Model Of Electoral Choice." American Political Science Review 73: 1055-1070

Miller, Warren E. 1992. "The Puzzle Transformed: Explaining Declining Turnout." Political Behavior 14:1-43.

Nie, Norman H., Sidney Verba, and John R. Petrocik. 1979. The Changing American Voter, enlarged ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Popkin, Samuel L. 1991. The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

* Powell, G. Bingham, Jr. 1986. "American Voter Turnout in Comparative Perspective." American Political Science Review 80:17-43.

Rabinowitz, George, and Stuart Elaine Macdonald. 1989. "A Directional Theory of Issue Voting." American Political Science Review 83: 93-121.

Rahn, Wendy M. 1993. "The Role of Partisan Stereotypes in Information Processing About Political Candidates." American Journal of Political Science 37: 472-496.

Sears, David O., Richard R. Lau, T.R. Tyler, and H.J. Allen. 1980. "Self-Interest vs. Symbolic Politics in Policy Attitudes and Voting." American Political Science Review 74:670-684.

July 29, 31 -- Topic: Political Parties, Interest Groups, and the News Media

Research Paper: Due July 29 at start of class

Final Unit Plan Submission: Due July 31, Midnight, by Blackboard

Required:

Craig, Stephen, Paul S. Herrnson, and John S. Jackson. 1988. "Do Political Parties Really Matter?" Polity 20:705-726.

Nivola / Rosenbloom, chs. 19-22

Recommended - Political Parties:

Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why Parties? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Aldrich, John H. 1999. "Political Parties in a Critical Era." American Politics Quarterly 27 (January): 9-32.

APSA Committee on Political Parties. 1950. "A Report of the Committee on Political Parties." American Political Science Review 44(September): 1-99.

* Fiorina, Morris P. 1980. "The Decline in Collective Responsibility in American Politics." Daedalus 109(Summer): 25-45.

Gibson, James L., Cornelius P. Cotter, and John F. Bibby. 1983. "Assessing Party Organizational Strength." American Journal of Political Science 27(May): 193-222.

Gibson, James L., Cornelius P. Cotter, John F. Bibby, and Robert J. Huckshorn. 1985. "Whither the Local Party?: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of the Strength of Party Organization." American Journal of Political Science 29:139-60.

Hofstadter, Richard. 1969. The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Key, Jr., V.O. 1955. "A Theory of Critical Elections." Journal of Politics 17(February): 3-18.

* MacKuen, Michael B., Robert S. Erikson, James A. Stimson. 1989. "Macropartisanship." The American Political Science Review 83(December): 1125-1142.

* Niemi, Richard G., and M. Kent Jennings 1991. "Issues and Inheritance in the Formation of Party Identification." American Journal of Political Science 35: 970-988.

Schlesinger, Joseph A. 1985. "The New American Political Party." American Political Science Review 79(December): 1152-69.

Shea, Daniel M. 1999. "The Passing of Realignment and the Advent of the 'Base-less' Party System." American Politics Quarterly 27(January):33-57.

Recommended - Interest Groups:

Austen-Smith, David, and John R. Wright. 1994. "Counteractive Lobbying." American Journal of Political Science 38 (1): 25-44.

Dahl, Robert A. 1961. Who Governs? New Haven: Yale University Press.

__________. 1958. "A Critique of the Ruling Elite Model." American Political Science Review 52:463-69.

__________. 1965. "Further Reflections on 'the Elitist Theory of Democracy.'" American Political Science Review 60:296-305.

Gray, Virginia, and David Lowery. 1996. "A Niche Theory of Interest Representation." Journal of Politics 58 (March): 91-111.

Hall, Richard D., and Frank W. Wayman. 1990. "Buying Time: Moneyed Interests and the Buying of Mobilization of Bias in Congressional Committees." American Political Science Review 84:797-820.

King, David C., and Jack L. Walker. 1992. "The Provision of Benefits by Interest Groups in the United States." Journal of Politics 54:394-426.

Mitchell, William C., and Michael C. Munger. 1991. "Economic Models of Interest Groups." American Journal of Political Science 35 (2): 512-546.
Moe, Terry M. 1980. "A Calculus of Group Membership." American Journal of Political Science 24:593-632.

__________. 1981. "Toward a Broader View of Interest Groups." Journal of Politics 43:531-543.

* Olson Jr., Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University.

Polsby, Nelson W. 1960. "How to Study Community Power: The Pluralist Alternative." Journal of Politics 22:474-484.

Salisbury, Robert H. 1969. "An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups." Midwest Journal of Political Science 13:1-32.

Truman, David. 1951. The Governmental Process. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Walker, Jack L. 1966. "A Critique of the Elitist Theory of Democracy." American Political Science Review 60:285-295.

Walker, Jack L. 1983. "Origins and Maintenance of Interest Groups." American Political Science Review 77:390-406.

Walker, Jack L., Jr. 1991. Mobilizing Interest Groups in America: Patrons, Professionals, and Social Movements. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan.

Recommended - News Media:

Danielian, Lucig H., and Benjamin I. Page. 1994. "The Heavenly Chorus: Interest Group Voices on TV News." American Journal of Political Science 38:1056-1078.

Groeling, Tim, and Samuel Kernell. 1998. "Is Network News Coverage of the President Biased?" Journal of Politics 60:1063-1087.

Hallin, Daniel C. 1984. "The Media, the War in Vietnam, and Political Support: A Critique of the Thesis of an Oppositional Media." Journal of Politics 46:2-24.

Hibbing, John R., and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. 1998. "The Media's Role in Public Negativity Toward Congress." American Journal of Political Science 42:475-498.

Iyengar, Shanto. 1991. Is Anyone Responsible? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kuklinski, James H., and Lee Sigelman. 1992. "When Objectivity Is Not Objective: Network Television News Coverage of U.S. Senators and the 'Paradox of Objectivity.'" Journal of Politics 54:810-833.

Paletz, David. 1971. "How the media support local government authority." Public Opinion Quarterly 35(Spring): 80-92.

Rothman, Stanley, and S. Robert Lichter. 1987. "Elite Ideology and Risk Perception in Nuclear Energy Policy." American Political Science Review 81:383-404.